issues around technology adoption should be universal, though there are intricacies. developing countries may find technology adoption more difficult than developed countries, due to systems, culture and human resources.

the issue may be within technology leadership, or "self-determination". developed countries may be more self-driven when it comes to technology and science development, paying more attention to developing technology and science themselves, rather than merely adoption from others. in other words, the extent to which countries are technology followers or leaders. quantitatively you would measure it as the investment in science and technology.

everyone is talking about climate, mostly people are doing research in earth science system

issues around technology adoption should be universal, though there are intricacies. developing countries may find technology adoption more difficult than developed countries, due to systems, culture and human resources.

the issue may be within technology leadership, or "self-determination". developed countries may be more self-driven when it comes to technology and science development, paying more attention to developing technology and science themselves, rather than merely adoption from others. in other words, the extent to which countries are technology followers or leaders. quantitatively you would measure it as the investment in science and technology.

2 key points come in my mind, in respect to your comprehensive question. A: Establishing the techno-scientific infrastructure for a capital-based economy. B: Defining the energy resources to reach the level of a capital-based economy. There exists a clear-cut connection between energy and the wealth of a nation, i.e. societal economies function physically as energy transduction systems, propelled by human ingenuity.

The science investigations shall address local issues in developing countries not for developed nations.Climate, global warming, star-war, environment issues will be solved by developed nations.

Good question and informative answers thank you all

The main issue in the developing countries is the political and economic instability. The science and scientists are then given the value they deserve and support research projects that serve the country's progress and provide the necessary equipment for the implementation and development of this research.

There are many issues related to environmental sustainability and unsteadiness in the economy etc. West world has many solutions for these, by conducting proper research but the issue is localizing these research findings/knowledge.

Dear Joanna,

Fascinating question.

"What are the key issues while investigating science, technology and innovation development in developing countries?"

I would say that a combination of the answers of @Stephen I. Ternyik, @Ali Alhayany, and @Arben J Salihu already cover most of the subject.

However, I can offer a closer view of my country (Brazil) that is still struggling against corruption, bad politicians, and wrong policymakers, with universities and research centers abandoned with no money at all to do anything. Although Brazil is the ninth economy of the world, we are walking back regarding development. Our best brains are being drained, and human capital is not growing despite millions of dollars wasted in education. I say wasted because it is not being used correctly, that's why human capital does not grow.

My best wishes.

Prof. Hess

Dear Dr. Joanna Gocłowska-Bolek , I really appreciate your interest to scale out your innovative experiences in developing countries where I am living. In developing countries, most of the issues are yet not fully addressed and needs innovative intervention. Some of the areas includes but not limited to :

• Bridging the technological divide through access to technologies
• Reducing structural vulnerabilities of developing countries through financing of innovation
• Promoting collaborations and alliances in sectors of public importance
• Currently, developing countries with a minimal level of technological capabilities are increasingly engaging in ongoing technological exchange.
• A large share of the capital goods exported and imported, is for instance, concentrated in a sub-set of developing countries and also there are significant regional variations
• Inter-firm technological collaborations are mainly motivated by economic considerations, or proactive governmental initiatives or both.
• Most countries are limited by their low levels of technology absorption capacity.
• There is also a need to better coordinate scientific and technical assistance from developed and emerging countries with technological collaboration for the firms.

Developing countries should involve innovative ways and systems for pooling technological resources to address the common challenges including:

• Promoting technological learning at the firm level
• Promoting enterprise development and financing of innovation activities that are of particular importance to developing countries as a whole
• Act as a platform for sharing innovation experiences and promoting policy learning.

Achieving sustainability in various aspects of life.

A good starting point will be to analyze the national innovation system and maybe compare it to the ones of highly innovative countries.

You can look into Diffusion of Innovation in Developing Countries.Also look into the process of Learning in Developing countries and how far they are Science and technology(STI) based and learning by doing(DUI) based . You can look into the intensity of innovation in different clusters.Networks of Innovation could be another unexplored arena from Developing Country perspective.

Thank you all for your interesting and inspiring comments!

There is simply no innovation in developing countries due to the seizure of the domestic market in these countries by transnational North American and European and Chinese corporations