Hi,

Here are few references that could be of help to you:

S AA, Ramakrishnan AG. Midline EEG Functional Connectivity As Biomarker for Conscious States in Sleep and Wakefulness. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2021 Nov;2021:1924-1927. doi: 10.1109/EMBC46164.2021.9630907

Mattavelli G, Pisoni A, Romero Lauro LJ, Marino BF, Bonomi M, Rosanova M, Papagno C. TMS-EEG approach unveils brain mechanisms underlying conscious and unconscious face perception. Brain Stimul. 2019 Jul-Aug;12(4):1010-1019. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.02.022

Kondziella D, Bender A, Diserens K, van Erp W, Estraneo A, Formisano R, Laureys S, Naccache L, Ozturk S, Rohaut B, Sitt JD, Stender J, Tiainen M, Rossetti AO, Gosseries O, Chatelle C; EAN Panel on Coma, Disorders of Consciousness. European Academy of Neurology guideline on the diagnosis of coma and other disorders of consciousness. Eur J Neurol. 2020 May;27(5):741-756. doi: 10.1111/ene.14151

Rohaut B, Naccache L. Disentangling conscious from unconscious cognitive processing with event-related EEG potentials. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2017 Jul-Aug;173(7-8):521-528. doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2017.08.001

Noirhomme Q, Laureys S. Consciousness and unconsciousness: an EEG perspective. Clin EEG Neurosci. 2014 Jan;45(1):4-5. doi: 10.1177/1550059413519518

Engemann DA, Raimondo F, King JR, Rohaut B, Louppe G, Faugeras F, Annen J, Cassol H, Gosseries O, Fernandez-Slezak D, Laureys S, Naccache L, Dehaene S, Sitt JD. Robust EEG-based cross-site and cross-protocol classification of states of consciousness. Brain. 2018 Nov 1;141(11):3179-3192. doi: 10.1093/brain/awy251

Kondziella D, Friberg CK, Frokjaer VG, Fabricius M, Møller K. Preserved consciousness in vegetative and minimal conscious states: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2016 May;87(5):485-92. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310958

What a wonderful topic! There is a researcher at USSF: Chang who is working on statistical analyses of that very question. She has created a paradigm that she thinks allows events of a certain type to happen in certain states...in her study case, epilepsy.

From my study and interest, I believe we have conventionally left out many stages of consciousness; in clinical work, wake, sleep stages 1,2,3(4),REM are designated as states. However, I think there are more and they may be better described by Dr. Chang's type of analysis. There are severeal untra- and supra radian circadian rhythms that we need to look at when thinking about states of consciousness; for instance what is the human equivalent of 'cud chewing'

della

However, some dogma is often expressed by metacognitive theories. An example is taken from C. Koch

According to koch, "memory is encoded in the strength of billions of synapses. this ultimately gives rise to the consciousness-the feeling of something"

What koch misunderstands is consciousness arises prior to the formation of memory.

This is well articulated in several papers by Mark Solms, a psychologist.

What we are proposing instead is that information is encoded not in the synapse but in protein pathways across the cerebral cortex.

There have been papers published on the seven myths of memory location, and the idea of memory encoded by synapses is one of them. Highly unstable regions of the brain are responsible for cognitive processing and motor-sensory coordination.

Does this beg the question is information encoded through different pathways to spikes and electrotonic potentials or ERPs measured in EEG? Ultimately, we believe that this is the case and that is why new more creative/radical conceptual ideas are needed for a neurobiological theory that goes beyond what neuroscience can provide at this moment in time with crude instrumentation.