They are various and sometimes specific to specific sites. Most of the times with a good scientific background and techniques these can be easily eliminated too.
Improperly treated municipal sewage. There has to be proper liquid effluent and solid waste (especially domestic) treatment management which is capable of reducing the pathogens in municipal waste water.
It is to be noted that hospitals, research lab,, meat/fish shops etc. are mostly located in the cities. There is no gainsaying to the fact that the effluents form such activities find their way into the sewers. This is why the municipal wastewater may contain pathogens .
The most common pathogenic indicator is the faecal coliforms associated with contamination by human excreta. Therefore, in Municipal wastewater, the common sources are residential and commercial centers connected to the municipal sewer.
Fecal matter is a major component of domestic sewage and the source of the majority of human pathogens in wastewater. Industrial waste from food production, particularly from animal processing, can also be a source of pathogenic microorganisms.