Please see attached chapter on secondary metabolites from the following book:
Rodney Croteau, Toni M. Kutchan, Norman G. Lewis. Natural Products (Secondary Metabolites). In: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Plants. B. Buchanan, W. Gruissem, R. Jones, Eds. American Society of Plant Physiologists, 2000.
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there are four, and only four, reasons that causes variation in secondary metabolism: environment, genetics, ontology (stage of development) and post harvest operations. None is more important than another. Best wishes, Ilio
Secondary metabolites are formed from the remnants or discarded products of metabolism...often they act as protective chemicals .. protecting them from other organisms.
Secondary metabolites are usually produced in both plants and microbes as supplemental products not produced during the organism's primary growth process, but are produced under suboptimal conditions for primary growth (temperature, nutrients) . In penicillin fermentation for example, the start of the process focuses on maximum growth of the penicillium fungus- hence higher temperatures and higher nutrient feed (carbohydrates and proteins for carbon and nitrogen sources). After some time when the desired fungal mass has been obtained, conditions supporting primary cell growth are reduced (lower temperature in fermenter and reduced nutrient feed) so that primary growth is inhibited and secondary metabolites are produced- which includes the penicillin antibiotic. Simiiarly in many medicinal plants- during conditions of primary growth (spring and summer), secondary metabolites are not produced. However, with the advent of fall and winter- colder temperatures- primary growth stops and production of secondary meatbolites takes place. An example is the production of Paclitaxel from Taxus chinensis in China. The plant has primary growth in the spring and summer up until early December. Then with falling temperatures, primary plant growth stops and secondary metabolites- the taxes are produced. When spring next comes, the production of taxanes by the plant stops as primary plant growth resumes