Hi Stanley, there are many ways that stress can be induced in fish, including water quality changes, rapid temperature change, toxic material exposure, chemical or visual indication of a potential predator, stocking densities that are too high or low (varies by species) and/or handling/restraint among others. Below are some recent publications that may be useful to you:
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128027288000011
- https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128045640000089
- http://jeb.biologists.org/content/218/12/1907.eLetters
- http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/282/1819/20152266
Article Review of factors influencing stress hormones in fish and wildlife
Article Effect of heavy metals on fish larvae deformities: A review
Article Modulation of the stress response in wild fish is associated...
Article Stress Leukogram Induced by Acute and Chronic Stress in Zebr...
There are two categories of factors that induce stress in fish:
- abiotic factors that are physical or chemical
- and biotic or biological factors.
In abiotic factors, physical stress are due to rapid variations, beyond the limits tolerated by organisms, of physical abiotic conditions in aquatic environment, such as temperature, osmotic pressure, or oxygen content in water. As for chemical stress, it is generated either by changes in the chemical parameters of water, such as salinity or pH, or by contamination by pollutants and which lead to a deterioration of water quality.
Biological stress factors include interactions between organisms (competition, predation, parasitism) but also, in fish farming, handling, confinement, etc.
Dear sir
Link may be help you
Appreciate your efforts… best wishes
https://www.elsevier.com/books/biology-of-stress-in-fish/schreck/978-0-12-802728-8
also
Stressors in fish can be categorized into four types : a) physical factors that directly touch the animal, such as bites , high or low temperatures , and low oxygen ; b) factors released from a stressor that does not involve directly touching the animal, such as chemical or visual cues from a predator ; c) memory of a stressful condition that is not currently present ; and d) cues released from a conspecific that was previously stressed . Accordingly, while in most of these categories the initial stressor acts on the focus stressed animal, category d is the only to involve social communication of stressor. Here, an example of category d is provided by means of chemical communication. Such putative chemical alarm cues are thought to be produced and stored by epidermal ‘club’ cells and released into the water as a result of skin injury (i.e., alarm substance) or by non-injured fish exposed to a stressful condition (i.e., disturbance substance) .
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