Here, I think the independent variables are the parental factors, which include parental education level, involvement in their child’s education, attitudes towards education, socioeconomic status, and support for learning English. These factors are considered independent because they are believed to influence how children perform academically and their interest in English studies.

on the other hand, dependent variables, are the outcomes like the academic achievement of early childhood pupils and their interest in English studies. These outcomes depend on the influence of the independent variables. If i say for example, children with more involved parents or those with higher parental education levels might show better academic performance and greater enthusiasm for learning English. I think this framework can help us understand the relationship between parental factors and children's educational outcomes.