As diabetes (type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes) is metabolic disease and very complex, it involved in dysregulation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats metabolisms. So, there is macro- & microvascular complications in the body like cardiovacular problems, coronary artery diseases, retinopathy, nephropthy and peripheral neuropthy, some others etc, furthermore, its mechanism involved hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and some other factors responsible for these complications. Please provide review articles and publications latest to cover all these situations.
Dear Abdul,
Maybe the following papers will help you:
Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2016;20(4):546-51. http://www.ijem.in/article.asp?issn=2230-8210;year=2016;volume=20;issue=4;spage=546;epage=551;aulast=Chawla
Agrawal RP, Ola V, Bishnoi P, Gothwal S, Sirohi P, Agrawal R. Prevalence of micro and macrovascular complications and their risk factors in type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Assoc Physicians India 2014;62(6):504-8. http://japi.org/june_2014/06_ra_prevalence_of_micro.pdf
Mohammedi K, Woodward M, Marre M, Colagiuri S, Cooper M, Harrap S, Mancia G, Poulter N, Williams B, Zoungas S, Chalmers J. Comparative effects of microvascular and macrovascular disease on the risk of major outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2017;16(1):95. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5530952/pdf/12933_2017_Article_574.pdf
Best wishes from Germany,
Martin
Dear Abdul,
Here are more good papers to your question topic:
Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev 2013;93(1):137-88. http://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/physrev.00045.2011
Hata J, Arima H, Rothwell PM, Woodward M, Zoungas S, Anderson C, Patel A, Neal B, Glasziou P, Hamet P, Mancia G, Poulter N, Williams B, Macmahon S, Chalmers J; ADVANCE Collaborative Group. Effects of visit-to-visit variability in systolic blood pressure on macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the ADVANCE trial. Circulation. 2013 Sep 17;128(12):1325-34. http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/128/12/1325.long
Malandrino N, Wu WC, Taveira TH, Whitlatch HB, Smith RJ. Association between red blood cell distribution width and macrovascular and microvascular complications in diabetes. Diabetologia 2012;55(1):226-35. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs00125-011-2331-1.pdf
Folli F, Corradi D, Fanti P, Davalli A, Paez A, Giaccari A, Perego C, Muscogiuri G. The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus micro- and macrovascular complications: avenues for a mechanistic-based therapeutic approach. Curr Diabetes Rev 2011;7(5):313-24. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Giovanna_Muscogiuri/publication/51568603_The_Role_of_Oxidative_Stress_in_the_Pathogenesis_of_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_Micro-_and_Macrovascular_Complications_Avenues_for_a_Mechanistic-Based_Therapeutic_Approach/links/0fcfd5057639962c6b000000/The-Role-of-Oxidative-Stress-in-the-Pathogenesis-of-Type-2-Diabetes-Mellitus-Micro-and-Macrovascular-Complications-Avenues-for-a-Mechanistic-Based-Therapeutic-Approach.pdf
Rosenson RS, Fioretto P, Dodson PM. Does microvascular disease predict macrovascular events in type 2 diabetes? Atherosclerosis 2011;218(1):13-8. http://www.atherosclerosis-journal.com/article/S0021-9150(11)00551-X/pdf
Fowler MJ. Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes. CliniCal Diabetes 2008;26(2):77-82. http://www.isdbweb.org/app/webroot/documents/file/1257_9.pdf
All the best,
Martin
Following papers may help you:.
1. Michael J. Fowler, MD. Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes. Clinical Diabetes • Volume 26, Number 2, 2008
2. Cade WT. Diabetes-Related Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases in the Physical Therapy Setting. Physical Therapy. 2008;88(11):1322-1335. doi:10.2522/ptj.20080008.
3. Chawla A, Chawla R, Jaggi S. Microvasular and macrovascular complications in diabetes mellitus: Distinct or continuum? Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2016;20(4):546-551. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.183480.
4. Keecia D. King, Jocelyn D. Jones, and Jessica Warthen, Microvascular and Macrovascular Complications of Diabetes Mellitus; American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 2005; 69 (5) Article 87
The main mechanism for diabetes complications is mitochondrial free radical injury. The various pathways that lead to mitochondrial free radical injury include :advanced glycation end products (AGES) pathway, polyol pathway, hexokinase pathway protein kinase C pathway.. The free radical injury upregulates NFKB i. e nuclear factor kappa B and suppresses iFB I. e inhibitor kappa B resulting in some low grade inflammation characterizing the basis for most of its complications. That is why some studies are already looking at the possibility of some form of anti-inflammatory agent's prospects for treatment of diabetes
Mechanism well explained by Yakubu Lawal. The complications of diabetes are divided into acute and chronic; the acute complications include diabetic ketoacidocis, hypoglycemia, hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state, lactic acidosis, septicemia, electrolyte imbalance and foot gangrene..
The chronic complications are divided into nonvascular and vascular; the nonvascular complications include fatty liver, cataract, and diabetic dermopathy. The vascular complications are microvascular and macrovascular.
Insulin resistance is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and thus, Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the key mechanism unifying obesity, diabetes and
heart disease.
If it may help...
Popović-Djordjević J.B., Jevtić I.I., Stanojković, T. P. (2018) Antidiabetics: Structural Diversity of Molecules with a Common Aim, Current Medicinal Chemistry.
DOI : 10.2174/0929867325666171205145309
Insulin resistance (IR) is considered the key mechanism unifying obesity, diabetes