The standard method to measure electrical conductivity is by using a device called a conductivity meter or a conductivity probe. The most commonly used technique is known as the four-electrode conductivity measurement method. Here's how it works:
The conductivity meter consists of four electrodes: two outer electrodes (current electrodes) and two inner electrodes (voltage electrodes). The outer electrodes are used to pass an electric current through the sample, while the inner electrodes measure the voltage across a known distance.
Using Ohm's law (V = IR), where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance, the electrical conductivity (σ) of the sample can be calculated using the formula:
σ = K × (L / A)
where K is the cell constant of the conductivity meter (obtained during calibration), L is the distance between the inner electrodes, and A is the area of contact between the electrodes and the sample.
Thank you for your warm response. Any other method except a conductivity meter (digital device). any manual method or conventional method?
Yes, there are several manual or conventional methods for measuring conductivity for example the:
Four-Point Probe: This method is commonly used to measure the conductivity of solid materials. It involves placing four closely spaced probes on the surface of the material. A current is passed through the outer probes, and the voltage is measured across the inner probes. The resistance is calculated using Ohm's law, and conductivity is determined using the material's dimensions.
How do we measure a conductivity of materials whose conductivity is too low. I think this is difficult by conductivity meter
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