The non-stoichiometric condition/ Cu poor Zn rich condition is beneficial for high efficiency of the solar cell, but also formed the undesirable defects. These undesirable defects are CuZn+ZnCu, CuSn+SnCu, ZnSn+SnZn, VCu+ZnCu, VZn+SnZn, ZnSn+2ZnCu, 2CuZn+SnSn and some antisite or vacancy defects.So, how to remove these undesirable defects?
Dear Krishan,
you may apply an intermediate Cu-rich growth step in order to initiate recrystallization, which reduces the defect density. Or you may apply an additional annealing step in order to "heal" the absorber by normal grain growth, i.e. annihilation of structural defects including point defects to a certain extend.
You may have look here:
Article Cu-Rich Precursors Improve Kesterite Solar Cells
You may also have a look here to know about certain growth conditions and defect origins:
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acsenergylett.7b01313
Article Cu 2 ZnSnSe 4 : How Far Does Off-Stoichiometry Go?
https://aip.scitation.org/doi/pdf/10.1063/1.4997402?class=pdf
I hope this will help you!
Best,
Torsten
The Non-stoichiometric condition, basically look bilayers samples. A Non-stoichiometric conditions samples have defect. You may apply annealing heat remove the undesirable defects .
In time, we are working bilayers samples SnO2/ZnO, this same problem we are faced. After annealing this problem remove.
Attached paper may helpful to you.
Thank you so much Dr. Torsten and Dr. Islam. We are also trying to this in my case.
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