- Low-emission H2 production technologies are at different stages of development. Currently, alkaline (ALK) and proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers are available commercially, but they are not yet competitive with conventional fossil-based technologies. Solid oxide electrolyzer cells (SOEC) are in the demonstration stage, while anion exchange membrane (AEM) electrolyzers are still at the prototype level. However, AEM technology is progressing rapidly, with Enapter and Alchemr already having kilowatt-scale prototypes available and Enapter planning to produce them at scale in 2023. - Fossil fuel-based technologies with partial CO2 capture (around 60%) are commercially available and established for the co-production of ammonia and urea. However, achieving high capture rates for low-emission H2 production has not been demonstrated yet. These technologies are currently in the pre-demonstration stage, and there are no projects in the advanced development stages or expected to demonstrate them soon. Biomass-based routes for low-emission H2 production are less developed than other technologies, but they have made progress with full prototypes operating in Japan and France in the past year. #Source: IEA

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