I have several questions,
What reference electrodes is commonly used for aqueous electrochemical systems?
What reference electrodes is commonly used for electrochemical systems which used organic solvent?
I have seen people saying that calomel electrodes cannot be used for halide containing reaction, Why is that the case? I thought calomel electrode itself requires the electrode to be dipped in some chloride salt (KCl, LiCl, NaCl etc.)
I am new in the field of electrochemistry and it really would it nice if someone can give me a hint on this, thank you very much !
Dear Dr. Kai Chio Chan ,
two widely used aqueous reference electrodes are the silver/silver chloride electrode and the saturated calomel electrode. These are now discussed in more detail at the following link:
-BASi –Reference Electrodes
Avalable at: https://www.basinc.com/manuals/EC_epsilon/Maintenance/reference
Regarding to reference electrodes that are commonly used for electrochemical systems which used organic solvent you can have a look at the following note:
-PINE research - Non-Aqueous Reference Electrode Overview
Available at: https://pineresearch.com/shop/kb/applications/general-electrochemistry/nonaqueous-reference-electrode-overview/
If you are new in the field of electrochemistry, I sugget to see the following tech/notes:
-Gamry Instruments - Tech notes
Available at: https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/
-PalmSens - Application Notes
Available at: https://www.palmsens.com/application-notes/
-Metrohm – Electrochemistry applications
Available at: https://www.metrohm.com/en/company/social-media-links-20201026
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
Dear Dr. Kai Chio Chan ,
two widely used aqueous reference electrodes are the silver/silver chloride electrode and the saturated calomel electrode. These are now discussed in more detail at the following link:
-BASi –Reference Electrodes
Avalable at: https://www.basinc.com/manuals/EC_epsilon/Maintenance/reference
Regarding to reference electrodes that are commonly used for electrochemical systems which used organic solvent you can have a look at the following note:
-PINE research - Non-Aqueous Reference Electrode Overview
Available at: https://pineresearch.com/shop/kb/applications/general-electrochemistry/nonaqueous-reference-electrode-overview/
If you are new in the field of electrochemistry, I sugget to see the following tech/notes:
-Gamry Instruments - Tech notes
Available at: https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/
-PalmSens - Application Notes
Available at: https://www.palmsens.com/application-notes/
-Metrohm – Electrochemistry applications
Available at: https://www.metrohm.com/en/company/social-media-links-20201026
My best regards, Pierluigi Traverso.
Hello!
Typically, the reference electrode contains silver chloride AgCl. The calomel electrode contains mercury chloride Hg2Cl2.
A calomel or AgCl electrode can cause chloride ions to leak into the test electrolyte after some time. If this can influence an experiment, it is better to use a chloride-free electrode, e.g. a sulfate electrode.
If halide ions could adversely affect your reaction, then use a salt bridge with e.g. potassium sulfate solution, ideally with a Luggin probe. It is also possible to buy "leak free" reference electrodes https://www.alvatek.co.uk/electrochemistry-accessories/electrodes/reference-electrodes/leak-free-electrodes/ which may be a quicker solution, depending on your budget.
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