In cross-tabulation analysis, the diagonal elements represent cases where the row and column variables have the same value or category, typically indicating a situation of no change or consistent outcomes. The off-diagonal elements represent cases where there is a difference between the row and column variables, often reflecting change, mismatches, or relationships of interest.

• Diagonal Elements: Often reflect stability, agreement, or no change between two situations (e.g., before and after a certain intervention).
• Off-diagonal Elements: Reflect changes, shifts, or mismatches between categories, often signaling important effects such as empowerment or decision-making changes.