Nanotechnology has revolutionized cancer therapy and diagnosis by offering innovative solutions to improve treatment efficacy and early detection. In cancer therapy, nanoparticles can be engineered to deliver cytotoxic drugs directly to tumor cells, enhancing therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. For example, liposomal formulations and polymeric nanoparticles can encapsulate chemotherapeutic agents, ensuring targeted release at the tumor site and minimizing damage to healthy tissues. Additionally, nanoparticles can be functionalized with ligands that specifically bind to cancer cell receptors, further increasing the precision of drug delivery. Research is also exploring the use of nanoparticles in combination with other modalities, such as photothermal or radiotherapy, to enhance treatment outcomes.

In cancer diagnosis, nanoparticles offer advanced imaging capabilities due to their unique optical, magnetic, or radio-frequency properties. For instance, gold and silica nanoparticles can improve the contrast in optical imaging techniques like fluorescence or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), allowing for more accurate and sensitive detection of cancerous tissues. Magnetic nanoparticles are utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enhance imaging resolution and provide detailed tumor characterization. Furthermore, research into nanoparticle-based biosensors aims to detect specific biomarkers associated with cancer, enabling early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.