In 2017, I, Reginald B. Little (RBL), proposed that multiple stable isotopes of 2D, 13C, 15N, 17O, 23Na, 25Mg, 31P, 33S, 35Cl, 37Cl, 39K, 40K, 41K, 57Fe, 63Cu, 65Cu, 67Zn, 127I, by their nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs) imbue biomolecules with their properties for life and/or alter the natural synchrony of motions for life for diseases. I would like here to further point out in 2017 { https://vixra.org/abs/1802.0338 } and { https://www.bookpi.org/bookstore/product/on-the-atomic-carcinogenic-mechanism-and-cure-for-cancer-ferrochemistry-for-cause-of-warburg-effect/ }, I wrote my book based on introducing hidden never before thought isotope effects of the elements of life in particular those isotopes having nonzero nuclear magnetic moments (NMMs): 13C, 14N, 15N, 17O, 25Mg, 31P, 33S, 67Zn, 63Cu, 65Cu, 23Na, 39K, 40K, 41K, 57Fe, 127I, and 35Cl and 37Cl. In general I was right in 2017 as these NMMs do cause life and alter life for disease and even death as I originally proposed. But over time I have had to fine tune my original model as I was without artificial intelligence in 2017 trying to keep up with millions of chemical and biochemical reactions as pertain to life. And Life is complex biochemical system. Thereby on page 17 of my book also noted and disclosed in 2017: "There is a direct role of C, N, O and S isotopes for stopping Kreb cycle. The His enzyme can acquire nonprimordial 13C, 15N and 17O from the cytosol of the cancer cells or forming cancer cells. This alteration of the His is the first step by which Kreb cycle is altered and suppressed for transforming normal cells to cancerous cells. So isotopic scrambling can disrupt this 10th step of Kreb cycle." And in general I in Feb 2025, think I was correct in 2017 by noting isotopic alterations of His residue is key to stopping Kreb cycle for causing Warburg Effect. Since 2017, I have worked out more details as I was able later to measure that cancer cells deplete 15N via mass spectroscopy experiments on DNA of cancer cells and normal cells. In general, I have thereby fine tuned my model from 2017 til 2019 whereby I realized in my theory that nitrogen and its isotopes are different as nitrogen is one of the only stable isotopes with only two isotopes with both having nonzero NMMs where one is positive NMM and the other is negative NMM. The 14N has positive NMM and the 15N has negative NMM. Thereby during this time 2017-2019, I realized that the nitrogen among these elements of life with nonzero NMMs (13C, 14N, 15N, 17O, 25Mg, 31P, 33S, 67Zn, 63Cu, 65Cu, 23Na, 39K, 40K, 41K, 57Fe, 127I, and 35Cl and 37Cl) in that changing its (nitrogen's) isotopes severely alters the NMMs from positive chirality of nitrogen nucleus (14N) to negative chirality of the nitrogen nucleus (15N) with more dramatic consequence of isotope change and stronger different isotope effect. I thereby realized during 2017-2022 that changing isotopes to negative NMMs may cause certain healthy effects like altering bindings of amino acids residues for causing unwinding telomeres. I think that here for the mitochondria the 15N loss causes weaker binding of hexokinase to mitochondria for causing apoptosis in normal cells. But as cells become cancerous the depletion of 15N causes loss of such apoptosis due to damage mitochondria so the 14N causes stronger binding of the hexokinase to the mitochondria and the stronger binding of the hexokinase to mitochondria due to 14N in cancer cells prevent apoptosis for the continued life and replication of cancer cells and their Warburg Effect. But my theory of altered binding of hexokinase to mitochondria is correct for causing Warburg Effect as it is known since 2015 by Bryan and Raisch (of University of Florida) that the N terminal of hexokinase enzyme is critically altered in binding the mitochondria at the 5 to 6 amino acids. See { https://portlandpress.com/bioscirep/article/35/3/e00205/56751/Identification-of-a-mitochondrial-binding-site-on } On such basis, the 5 to 6 amino acids in hexokinnase are histadine (HIS) and proline (PRO). BINGO as both PRO and HIS have nitrogenous bases and this 14N to 15N isotope effect!!! Based on work of RBL during 2017, these two (HIS) and (PRO) are in agreement with my theory in 2017 have side chains with nitrogenous bases. THEREBY my theory of changing the isotopes in these two side chains from 14N to 15N or vice versa alters binding of the hexokinase to the mitochondria for a solid validity of my theory in 2017. But it is important to note that still in addition to the 15N and 14N altering binding of his and PRO to the mitochondria, 13C for a multiple isotope effect may play a role with the 15N/14N as in my book in 2017-18, I (RBL) proposed that the nonzero positive NMMs can alter hybridization tendency about elements like carbon relative to zero NMM. The 12C has zero NMM and the 13C has positive NMM so by my theory of positive NMMs altering hybridization about a nucleus the positive NMM of 13C can more induce alteration of hybridization and asymmetric hybridization about the 13C in the PRO and HIS for inducing the uptake enrichments of 13C in PRO and HIS. RBL by his positive NMM inducing hybridization by Little Effect in 2017 reasoned the 13C better rehybridize the C in PRO and HIS for the five member ring and pentagonal symmetry of the PRO and HIS and in particular the 13C---1H in the 5 member ring relative two 13C-12C bonds so the 13C---1H interactions by positive NMMs of 1H and 13C elongates the 1H-13C bond relative to the two 12C-13C for compressing the bond angle by the NMMs induced rehybridizations between the two 13C-12C bonds and stretching the 2 bond angles between the 1H-13C bonds and the two 13C-12C bonds for stabilizing the pentagon ring. Thereby in the PRO and HIS the 13C and 1H may assist alteration of the binding of hexokinase to mitochondria by stabilizing the pentagonal rings of PRO and HIS and such pentagonal rings have been measured to cause kinks in proteins. The positive NMMs of 13C and 1H in PRO and HIS thereby due to RBL theory and NMMs stabilizing the pentagonal rings stabilize the kinks of hexokinase to affect bonding by the kinks between hexokinase and the mitochondria for assisting 15N in altering hexokinase bonding to mitochondria to induce cancer by causing Warburg Effect! So my general idea and theory from 2017 is correct, the Warburg Effect and cancer are caused by these uncommon nonprimordial (to life) isotopes but the trend for nitrogen (and oxygen with less dramatic effect) is different from these other elements due to their isotopes having negative NMMs (15N and 17O). 25Mg also has negative NMMs, I call the negative NMMs the 'NEEDLES IN THE HAYSTACK,LOL"! Since 2017, I have more and more stressed the role of nitrogen isotopes in my theory as nitrogen is second common after carbon in biomolecules and nitrogen I have discovered plays a vital role in activities of protein backbones. Carbon and its isotopes 12C and 13C are also important in my theory of NMMs and isotope effects as carbon is electron precise and more inert and difficult to rehybridize by Little Effect between bonding across activation states. So carbon and nitrogen and their isotopes are important for different reasons. I laid foundation in 2017 from seed idea that I had in Jan 2014. But biochemistry and biology are extremely complex and I could not build Rome in a day. And still this is in Feb 2025 the tip of a huge iceberg... I have even linked the nitrogen NMMs to activities of neutrinos and antineutrinos and I have published a new article during Jan 2025 where by I (RBL) developed more mt theory of hidden neutrino and antineutrino interactions for causing life by RBL. See { https://ej-physics.org/index.php/ejphysics/article/view/357 } I am extremely grateful for your encouragement. Respectfully, Reginald B. Little

More Reginald B. Little's questions See All
Similar questions and discussions