Mental disorders in modern civilization: an analysis of the human energy exploration hypothesis
Abstract
Modern civilization was designed to exploit the energy of human individuals for production and consumption, leading to an increasing number of individuals, currently reaching 8 billion. This contrasts with prehistoric human groups, which lived in small groups and seem to have been designed for energy balance. In this context, mental disorders seem to be the key point of inadequate and dysfunctional human organisms. This preprint proposes an analysis based on the understanding of electromagnetic energy, the Planck constant, the concept of entropy, the universal constitution of elementary particles, cellular respiration, and the HHA axis (Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal), which controls the energy of the human organism and is exposed to stressful situations, leading to imbalance through cortisol receptors. Additionally, it is essential to highlight that the human organism has the fundamental objective of transmitting DNA, which occurs through the fusion of two cells. The human body is composed of 30 trillion cells and 38 trillion bacteria, with 85% of cells being erythrocytes and only 0.06% being neural and glial cells. The limbic system, responsible for the body's balance, is for the body and not the opposite. The absence of oxygen for an average period of 3 to 5 minutes can lead to the collapse of cells and consequently of the organism. Thus, mental disorders can be understood as an energy imbalance in this complex system that is the human organism.
Keywords: Mental disorders, energy balance, human organism, limbic system, cortisol, cellular respiration.
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INVITATION TO RESEARCHERS
Considering the understanding of electromagnetic energy, Planck's constant, the concept of entropy, the universal constitution of elementary particles, the function of DNA, cellular respiration, and the energy regulation of the human body, as well as the observation that modern civilization is designed to exploit human energy for large-scale production and consumption, there appears to be a relationship between modern society and the emergence and increasing prevalence of mental disorders in poorly adapted and dysfunctional human organisms. In this context, evolutionary and adaptive psychiatry may be an important tool for understanding mental disorders, along with the analysis of the HHA axis and cortisol receptors. This research aims to understand the relationship between modern civilization and mental disorders, exploring how the understanding of the concepts above may contribute to understanding these phenomena. We invite interested researchers to participate in this discussion and contribute to a better understanding of mental disorders in the modern era and the development of new therapeutic and preventative approaches.
Aiming at the objective of supporting the hypothesis, I will include literature on this issue. And, I thank everyone who can contribute literature, too.
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Stress, inflammation, microbiome and depression
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are mental illnesses involving changes in mood, cognition and behavior. Their prevalence has rapidly increased in the last decades. One of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders is major depressive disorder (MDD), a debilitating disease lacking efficient treatments. Increasing evidence shows that microbial and immunological changes contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and both are modulated by stress. This bidirectional relationship constitutes the brain-gut axis involving various neuroendocrine, immunological, neuroenterocrine and autonomic pathways. The present review covers the most recent findings on the relationships between stress, the gut microbiome and the inflammatory response and their contribution to depression.
Introduction
One of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders is major depressive disorder (MDD), a debilitating disease with limited efficacious treatments. MDD affects nearly 11 % of Americans. Although the etiology of MDD remains an open question, increasing evidence points out stress as an underlying cause of depression (Nestler et al., 2002). The definition of stress is somewhat vague even though stress is prevalent in modern life societies and includes both response to external factors such as psychogenic stressors associated to adverse events either objective (e.g., unemployment, natural disaster) or perceived (e.g., lack of self-confidence) and physical stressors (e.g. infection, injury). At the molecular level, stress is associated with activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA) (Herman and Cullinan, 1997), the sympatho-adrenal medullary system (Kopin et al., 1988), the production of glucocorticoids (Russell and Lightman, 2019) and others (Godoy et al., 2018).
Although many hypotheses exist linking stress to depression, this review will focus on the gut microbiome as an emerging bidirectional route of the gut-brain axis affected by stress and promoting depression. It has been generally accepted that gut microbes influence mood and one possibility in doing so is through the immune system. Therefore, in this review, we will provide evidence for the role of the gut microbiome in depression, and its interaction with the immune response.
SOURCE:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0091305723000485?dgcid=api_sd_search-api-endpoint
CELL BIOLOGY BY THE NUMBERS
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