Ultimately, while extralinguistic factors play a crucial role in shaping language, linguistic factors cannot be dismissed as they provide the structural foundation. It might be more accurate to assert that language shaping is a dynamic interplay between both extralinguistic and linguistic factors. Each influences the other, and their relative importance can vary depending on context, time, and the specific language in question. Therefore, a nuanced approach that considers the interplay between these factors is essential for understanding language evolution and usage.

I agree that there is a dynamic interplay between linguistic and extralinguistic factors. I would like to add, however, that linguistic and extralinguistic factors are concepts that need to be defined.

I absolutely agree with the fact that extra-linguistic factors shape our learning experience and outcome. Socio-cultural backgrounds are pivotal, for example, as well as the way (and the extent to which) we are exposed to (social) media. For instance, in some countries foreign films are dubbed, in others they are are subtitled. Exposure to original film language definitly contributes (although implicitly) to second language acquisition.