As far as seen, it is partially ionized rarefied plasmas

The composition usually is free electrons, ions, neutrals in gaseous phase of matter, and so forth

I am not talking locally but everywhere even at interstellar space and intergalactic space. I mean full of free near field electrons everywhere in outer space. Something like the electrons in the air, maybe less dense siting there inert until they are disturbed by incoming photons.

The problem is how you detect free inert not drifting electrons (no current) unbound to any atomic structure?

Emmanouil, Yes, but they aren't free. They are bonded into an electron-positron lattice. When the textbooks teach that an electron and a positron annihilate and convert into two gamma photons, what is really happening is that they bond together into an already existing background dielectric lattice which is the medium for the propagation of light. The gamma radiation that is emitted comes from the latent heat of fusion and the equation E = mc2 is simply Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in this electron-positron lattice. See equation (132) in Maxwell's 1861 paper "On Physical Lines of Force". ( http://vacuum-physics.com/Maxwell/maxwell_oplf.pdf )In the same paper and also in Part III, Maxwell shows, using what is essentially Faraday's ice pale experiment, how the dielectric constant can be linked to Coulomb's Law. From this he is able to use the ratio of electromagnetic to electrostatic units of charge in order to bring the speed of light into Newton's equation for the speed of a wave in an elastic solid. He obtains this numerical ration from the the 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch experiment.

Article The 1855 Weber-Kohlrausch Experiment (The Speed of Light)

Dear Preston Guynn :

Please carefully look at your link given again as:

http://casswww.ucsd.edu/archive/public/tutorial/ISM.html.

Please see that it was last updated on the 26th April, 1999. Is it possible for you now to provide the latest data on the same?

Warm regards,

PK Karmakar

Phy, TU

The problem is how you detect free inert not drifting electrons (no current) unbound to any atomic structure?

Frederick I don't want to discuss other space time domains or how elementary matter transits from one space time domain to the other.

I am now exploring the possibility that we have been lied to and electrons like in air exist also in vaccum space but because the absence of atomic matter and low temperatures in space they are in an inert state , no Brownian motion. Nothing complicated here.

So how you detect inert free electrons? Simple you shine them with a light source.

If the only elementary transfer mechanism of light through space is via the electrons near field that would mean that there are out there and everywhere.

Logic dictates this, there is no denying.

Also pay attention on the near field term https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near_and_far_field used.

That directly implies that there is an unthinkable number of inert free electrons in outer space filling it completely.

Unless someone comes here and explains how light can be transmitted with an inverse square relation over vast distances without electrons my argument is unbreakable.

Dear Preston Guynn :

Thanks for reply. Yes, of course. So, you are requested for reply with the newest references. For example, it ignores the canonical gas-to-dust ratio, the spatial extensions of clouds, and so forth. As a consequence, the latest references are requested.

Warm regards,

PK Karmakar

I have proven in the past that light is a magnetic energy pulse (photon) relayed from one electron to the other within their near field causing an overall energy vibration transmitted through the medium or space.

Also that a static magnetic source or magnetic charge decays with the inverse square when in the near field and with the inverse cube when on the far field. Since electrons in the near field means that they separation of each other in space is very short relative to their radius (very close to each other) the photon magnetic vibration will be relayed from each electron to the other in the near filed and not the far field.

That is the exact physical reason why light (magnetic pusle) decays with the inverse square with distance in the near or far field doesn't matter, and not with the inverse cube as static magnetism does in the far field. Simply, because elementary there is no far field in light propagation. Light is always relayed from one electron to the other all within the near field. It's like a chain.

So the fact as reported that light propagates with the inverse square decay in outer space tells me inescapably that there is everywhere electrons all separated within their near field in outer space meaning outer space id completely filled with these free inert electrons, something like a Universal BEC.

Dear Preston Guynn :

I think it is agreeable to you that knowledge knows no demarcation in an open forum

For the sake of knowledge only, I have requested you for the latest ISM data supported with the latest references

For the sake of knowledge itself again, you are kindly expected to accept my request so as to illuminate other learning RG members as well

The rest is left over you

Warm regards,

PK Karmakar

These two may help about ISM data:

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181210113820.htm

https://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/news/details.php?article_id=44

or this here:

http://sredfield.web.wesleyan.edu/Julia_Zachary_thesis.pdf

or maybe this one:

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/93a8/9cd0673e89fc76ed14ce29c141bd5ff5293d.pdf

or this

http://web.mit.edu/space/www/voyager_science.html

Dear Colleagues,

Thanks for reply and cooperation.

Let the discussion continue .....

Dear All,

I have changed the title of the question to:

Is vacuum outer space full of free electrons (i.e. unbound elementary matter) ?

To clarify that I am not asking for atomic ISM matter but for free unbound in any atomic structure, elementary particles like electrons. Exploring the possibility these to be primary responsible for the propagation of light in the so called vacuum outer space (i.e. interstellar or intergalactic) regarded by many as total empty and in my opinion leading to the false conclusion that light can travel without matter medium in empty space.

Kind Regards,

Emmanouil

This was an interesting idea, tackled by Dirac. I think it has a better answer. In Outer Space, energy commonly produces positron, electron pairs, and the extra energy that is not used up producing the particles, shows up as Kinetic Energy of motion. Since very few Positive Electrons are found, and the Gamma Ray emissions of Free Space is not huge, one has to wonder what happens to the Positrons. I believe they evaporate and become Space-Time itself. Feynman viewed Positrons, as Electrons moving backward in time. It is hard to imagine how Electrons move backward in time, without hypothesizing how time works. On your Cell-Phone and other logical devices, T OR T is T, T OR F is t , F OR T is T and F OR F is F. So if you start from the present condition of T, and you go backward in time along the path that the function creates, you have 3 possible paths. The mapping forward in time, gives you three possible PSI's (possibility functions --WAVE FUNCTIONS). So as the Electrons move backward in time, they create a ghost function (PSI) that moves forward. We commonly see this ghost function, in semi conductor circuits, and we call them HOLES. The connection between HOLES and ELECTRONS is more certain than that, in that every once in a while the HOLES collide with the ELECTRONS and produce one Gamma Ray, instead of the two that are normally produced, when ELECTRONS collide with POSITRONS. Other particles form ghosts as well, so the vacuum of space, probably is composed of many types of HOLES, not just one. This is even a better idea than that, in that with the coming ELECTRON- POSITRON collider, experience and experiments can finally be done to prove or disprove it. I need someone to nominate me for the Noble Prize when the results come in, as it took a long time for me to figure this out, So yes, the vacuum of space is full of electrons,, almost all of them going backward in time, but those that go forward condense with other particles to form planets. Etc. The HOLES themselves, still behave somewhat, as Positive Electrons, but they can't be collided with, like Majorana Particles, the Electrons, are attracted to them, but rarely if ever can find them, because of the complexities of the PSI function.

What happens to the Positrons?

It is reasonable to assume that the entire Universe was originally a vacuum without any electrical charge “nothing” which is an electrical instability, why the whole universe would spontaneously be made of positron - electron pair production.

These elementary particles, positrons and electrons annihilate each other and are recreated the whole time, particles that are constantly made and destroyed. No energy is required to make a positron - electron pair in a vacuum without electrical charge, the negative particle has the same amount of negative energy and mass as the mass and energy of the positive particle, is a zero-sum game. If there occur a disturbance in the pair production process the positrons or electrons accelerate, create a form of spin and most of the electrical charge is transferred into kinetic energy [1]. This unleashes a kind of chain reaction which means that parts of the Universe develop very quickly.

The positron spins created matter and the electron spins create antimatter.

The mass of a proton, which consists of three quarks (created of positrons) two up and one down quark, is 1836 me and the mass of a neutron, which consists of two down and one up quark, is 1839 me. For each proton and neutron created an equal number of electrons remain as the number of positrons in the mass created (from the beginning it was equal number of positrons and electrons in the positron-electron sea). The electrons become the “atmosphere” of space, a sea of electrons. Antimatter is created in the same way from electron spin which makes antiquarks and the remain positrons then create the “atmosphere” of the antimatter.

1. A sea of positrons and electrons, the building blocks of matter and the riddle of gravitation.

http://janlagerstrom.com/

An photon can not travel even a mm without being relayed by another electron in the near field.

I believe that is all the prove someone needs that vacuum space is full of luminoferous electrons.

As matter of fact electrons photon interactions in the near field is the actually reason why light decays with the inverse square law which is magnetic pulse discharge from electrons and would otherwise decay with the inverse cube.

Dr. Lagerström, I agree with you that space is densely packed with electrons and positrons. I'll read your paper to ascertain your starting point in having deduced this fact. Meanwhile, I came to the same conclusion in 1982 because of Maxwell's displacement current. See here, Article The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether

I agree with you both. However can someone explain please to me why they are so few positrons in ordinary matter compared to electrons?

Also on a note from Frederick David Tombe, incoming electron-positron pair collision (both having left handed chirality thus -1/2 magnetic spin but opposite electric charge +-e), the pair does not really annihilate as Frederick says but integrates to an electron-positron vacuum space lattice.

Interestingly enough I may add believe, that there is something even more sinister happening here, thus during the so called annihilation process, both particles phase transit to a superluminal energy state and cross over to a superluminal spacetime and are transformed to the closest analogy of our spacetime as Boson magnetic monopoles all integrated to a superluminal magnetic monopole condensate MMC or else called Magnetic Quagmire (mud). A reverse process is happening when an electron-positron pair pops out spontaneously from vacuum space and science call these virtual particles of vacuum energy.

You can read more of this last hypothesis and general mechanism if you like here:

https://www.researchgate.net/project/Superluminal-Multiphased-Spacetime-Theory-MPST-2

Preprint The superluminal Vacuum Energy Timespace Domain Model and ho...

(it shows also why vacuum energy and its virtual particles constantly popping in and out can only be explained as a superluminal energy state and phase transition mechanism).

EM

p.s. Here is also another excellent independent experimental reference from Keith A. Fredericks about superluminal energy states possible existing, "using a scale transformation rather than the usual superluminal Lorentz transformation (SLT)" as the author comments in his article:

https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201907.0181/v1

After all it all comes down to the so called historically called Aether.

There will no more scientific milestone in human civilization evolution without acknowledging first that space is a superluminal medium energy-matter, finite object.

I like Dr. Jan Lagerstrom's answer, but I believe experiment will actually favor mine. There is not a symmetry between Matter and Antimatter, although a symmetry is there with quarks and Hadrons. My answer explains so much more, if it is right. It actually states that Quantum Mechanics comes about from Special Relativity, and one other assumption, and that is an asymmetry in how time works. But that is the power of my explanation, it also states why time is not symmetric. So PSI- the possibility function, comes about due to Special Relativity, and the constant expansion of PSI is the expansion of the Universe. Another amazing explanation it gives. It states the x,y, z are part of the expansion of PSI. So PSI itself produces x,y,z. It is the first workable Unified Field Theory, as it connects EM directly to PSI, directly to x,y,z (you could claim EM produces x,y,x, so no need to assume the Universe starts with a vacuum). Anyway, I suppose when the Electron-Positron collider becomes a reality, it will either be true or false, or perhaps just one of the possible decay paths. Perhaps, more likely just part of the decay path that leads to the Hadrons as well.

Creation is essentially an asymmetry process.

I have that keen theory of Antimatter evaporating into space time, as at least one of its decay paths. There is more to the theory, and that is Hyperbolic orbitals in Minkowski Space. If you have ever looked at Kepler's theory of orbitals, you notice there is a cone with a point as a nexus, and then another cone in the opposite direction. If you look at Minkowski Space you notice a cone with a point as a nexus, and then another cone in the opposite direction. In Kepler orbitals you have, an elliptical orbital, a parabolic orbital and a hyperbolic orbital. The big problem with Minkowski space is that the nexus is an observer, and he is making an observation. In Quantum Mechanics when you make an observation, you are making a measurement, so the nexus can't be a point, the cones in Minkowski space can't touch, they can only be about planck's constant divided by 2. So the orbitals in Minkowski space have to be either Elliptical (slower than light), or Hyperbolic (faster than light). The Parabolic Orbital is absent at least to planck's constant divided by 2, because the cones can never touch, because it is a measurement. I do not know why no one has ever noticed that. Every Orbital that follows the light line (the Geodesic) has to jump (Quantum Jump) from the past light cone to the future light cone. I believe I can calculate how big a jump that is. So everything in Space Time, if it is measured form past to future, exceeds the speed of light, the question is, can you measure it, and calculate it. When I can measue it, I will take this theory off the speculation shelve and put it on the measurable shelf. Not as good a theory as my Antimatter evaporation theory, so I admit, this one could be wrong, or at least not measurable.

I would like to point out that Feynman came to a similar conclusion, in that he believed that the light line in Minkowski Space was just what was obtained by measuring the velocity of photons, that went slower than the speed of light with those that went faster.

Dear Richard,

I have come also to a similar conclusion:

Preprint The superluminal Vacuum Energy Timespace Domain Model and ho...

Would this free electron medium emit detectable free free (bremsstrahlung) radiation? Do you expect the density of these free electrons to vary from place to place. How then could be explained the coherence between different distance indicators, if the decay of the luminosity is not anymore related to the sqare of the distance?

The vacuum energy field of these virtual particles is scalar and uniform wherever there is no atomic bond matter present in space.

The coherence of the inverse square law all over our universe comes exactly because this scalar vacuum energy of space which may be zero in average over time (particles popping in out of existence) but never zero at a given instance. The fluctuations of zero point energy are so fast that they can be considered at a scalar value acting as a scalar mediator of light for any given moment.

Photons can not travel in space even for one mm without relayed by the near field virtual electrons of the vacuum space.

Also in an hypothetical real empty space a photon transmission which is actually expanding magnetic flux pulse would decay with the inverse cube law and not the inverse square. The fact that photons propagate with the inverse square is exclusively due to the near field of virtual electrons in vacuum space by which they are relayed via the electron-photon absorption/emission mechanism.

Seems you do not answer my very basic question: these free electrons would move in space (magnetic fields, galactic movement, etc), and then emit the classical free-free radiation. What intensity do you expect for it? Is this observed? Your assertion that the wave expansion implies a cube decrease is wrong. Do the computation with a simple wave equation and you will see that it is a very easy to obtain result: the decay is as d**2. This is actually also the case for the sound and the seismic waves. A kind of general, observed law. In a more general way, if you want to put in question something that is very well established, you need to find an observations that would give different result between the actual theory and yours. Then you need to define carefully the experimental protocol, do the observation, and conclude.

In usual classical sense, vacuum is vacuous; but, not so, if looked at quantum-mechanically

In a world where the radiation dilutes like D**3, the sun would have a very higher surface luminosity. In contradiction with Planck law of the Black Body emission. How would be modified such a law to be compatible with the solar luminosity observation? Or do we also need to change the distance to the Sun. But what about the reflection on the Moon surface of the solar radiation? We also will have to change the moon albedo?

Considering EM is magnetism relayed by electrons which are magnetic dipoles the magnetic dipole interaction at the far field obeys the inverse cube law as in any dipole-dipole interaction.

However in the near field where there is practically no curl in that region between pole to pole interaction the field decays with the inverse square:

Data Measurement of Direct with no curl axial flux B field of N-S...

Considering that there are no immediate far field quantum EM interactions in our universe even at vacuum space assuming vacuum energy acts like a mediator this results in EM waves to propagate with the inverse square.

Our universe and space is a sea full of electrons virtual or not. All quantum EM interactions are happening in the near field.

quote: Seems you do not answer my very basic question: these free electrons would move in space (magnetic fields, galactic movement, etc), and then emit the classical free-free radiation.

No. I am talking about the vacuum energy virtual particles which pop in and out of existence at an instance. No time to drift. This vacuum energy field acts as a scalar mediator for EM waves in vacuum space.

Ok. No observational way then to "see" this free virtual electron soup?

he he I like soups! :)

https://tinyurl.com/y578r5rm

or refer to the Casimir effect

Great, thanks a lot.

Theoretically, a free electron should be moving as long as it is unperturbed. The perturbation could come from electroweak interaction caused by some other particle, such as neutrino, etc.

The issue is trying to establish a bonding mechanism between electrons and positrons that will lead to a medium which explains Faraday's Law of Induction and Ampère’s Circuital Law, and which will therefore serve as the physical medium for the propagation of light. The solution is a double helix comprised of rotating electron-positron dipoles such that each solenoidal double helix serves as a single magnetic line of force. Magnetic attraction between unlike-poles is therefore reduced to electrostatic attraction channeled along the double helix, while magnetic repulsion between like-poles is explained by centrifugal force acting sideways from the magnetic lines of force. Article The Double Helix and the Electron-Positron Aether

I think the answer lies in the internal structure of photon(boson) and phonon (fermion e.g electron), although I see one mechanism for their conversion and travel but not completely sure of it. By their internal structure, Photons are the particles with even number of waves while phonons(fermion e.g electron) are particles with odd number of waves when one of these gets external energy(mind it requiring source at least once before the start of self conversion) then it is quite possible for their conversion. and solution to the problem.

Dear Josip ,

We are not talking about accelerated fermions travelling in a beam but normal EM source photons emissions traveling through empty space.

Emmanouil

What is finally the absolute answer to this thread:

"yes" or "no"?

It seems to be confirmed that "no absolute reply" exists to this thread as of now

Only possibility existent therein:

Cosmic ray particles and their intermediate transitional derivatives

Thanks for all scholars for such informative thread.

Thank you too

It seems to be filled up with many new great challenges yet to be scientifically resolved,

It is believed that there exist "Univon Particles" that create the Multiverse

I believe, not based on scientific data, that the universe is full of disjointed particles.

It is a complex part of Astrocosmics

If it were, it would be a conductor... And it would show up as a signal in the B-modes, which it doesn't.

Interstellar matter isn't described by free electrons, but by dust particles, whose composition is, still, not known very precisely-precisely enough to describe their response to electromagnetic waves. That's the principal background to detecting electromagnetic waves, that are produced by pre-inflationary gravitational waves.

Dr. Nicolis, Why wouldn't it be a dielectric solid, and hence an insulator? Why do you insist that an electron-positron sea would have to be a conductor. Have you examined the possible bonding mechanisms that would comply with Maxwell's equations?

Cosmic force exists everywhere mediated by cosmic particles as far as seen;

The absolute concept of "Vacuum" does not exist in this cosmic universe that is free from such particles

Dr. Karmakar,

Yes. But the idea is to actually identify the particles and show how they bond together in a manner commensurate with Maxwell's equations so as to provide the medium involved in the propagation of light waves.

it all depends where you are in free space (near earth or really far away) and what you mean with "full"..we have the solar wind and there are lots of charged particles including some electrons ...there also exist "spatial charged particle accelerators" (mainly on protons) which produce VERY high energy particles.

Local freedom may lead to global slavery;

Absolute freedom does not exist in the truest sense in this mysterious physical world

Absolute Symmetry, the Tetrahedron-Cubic Basis of the World in the Formalism of the Group oh, viXra.org e-Print archive, viXra:2004.0144

2004.0144v1.pdf (vixra.org)