What is the scheme that you have followed? Is there any regulation on wastewater reuse in drinking water in your country?
There is a small section on Indirect Potable Reuse (5.2.3) in the attached document Ines
I may say there are many. Think about the cities located at upstream and down stream of a river.
Ciao Ines,
I worked at an Indirect Potable Reuse Facility in California.
Look at the manuscript
Sgroi M., Roccaro P., Oelker G.L., Snyder S.A. (2015). N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) formation at an indirect potable reuse facility. Water Research, 70, 174-183.
There is a description of an indirect potable reuse facility. The notification limit for NDMA (a carcinogenic disinfection by-product) is 10 ng/L.
In California, wastewater intended for indirect potable reuse (IPR) is expected to comply with drinking water standards.
This is a good reference
Gerrity D., Snyder S.A. (2011). Review of ozone for water reuse application: Toxicity, regulations, and trace organic contaminant oxidation. Ozone: Science and Engineering, 33, 253-266
Let me know if you need more information
Buon lavoro
Massimiliano
if you put your question a bit more precise you will get better answers. half europe is using Indirect Potable Reuse, whole singapore, 1/3 of the US...... take your pick
Maybe the longest experience based on long term an extensive monitoring data exists at Ruhrverband in Germany, where since nearly 100 years the drinking water supply for about 4 Mio inhabitants is performed from the river water where the waste water of more than 2 Mio inhabitants is discharged. The Rurhvalley Association (Ruhrverband) publishes every year a detailled report with all the data and reserach results (www.ruhrverband.de). There is a lot of literature published even in English related to your question.
by the way I fully agree with the comment of Kai Bester except for Singapore where it is definitely a direct reuse (mainly for industrial water supply).
Dear all,
thank you very much for your interesting explanations and informations.
Could you give me some recent case studies in Europe with Indirect Potable Reuse?
Thanks again
- Badges
- Science topic
- Similar topics
- Geoscience
- Asia
- India