its only dependent on optimum growth temperature of the organism (bacteria), for example if the optimum growth temperature of X bacteria is 30 C and been incubated at this temperature (30 C) or very close (more or less) then it will degrade or use magnesium and calcium, some bacteria has a wider range that could be 10 C (or even greater) less or more than the optimum temperature and are able to metabolise these minerals.
In theory yes, but the effect on the bacteria depends on the bacterial strains/genera you are using. As previously stated, magnesium or calcium ions can modulate the thermostability of proteins and nucleic acids.Extreme temperatures (very low or really high also affect calcium/magnesium solubilisation), so you have to keep in mind this effect too.
Finally, it is also very important to chose proper calcium/magnesium salts to do theses experiments, magnesium sulphate for instace retains water, so it is not the best salt to do biochemical characterisations or to prepare culture media/buffers