Dear Ahmed,

1. Distillation: This technique was the first to be used and still concerns 60 to 85% of the installations. It is based on a liquid-vapor phase change principle. For this, the salt water is heated until evaporation and the condensed water vapor is recovered by cooling.

2. Reverse osmosis: This technique is based on the principle of salt-water separation using a semi-permeable membrane. It was developed by NASA for the freshwater needs of astronauts. This method tends to develop very widely because it has a strong interest in terms of investment cost, energy consumption and quality of the water produced (the energy cost represents about a quarter of the total cost).

3. Electrodialysis: This method also relies on a salt-water separation using a semi-permeable membrane but the physical principle used is different.

With my best regards

Bachir ACHOUR

Advanced oxidation, phytoremediation or ionic exchange

Use clay based coagulant and coagulate with cationic polymer at pH 8.5

.

.

Along with all the various methods, other process like dialysis and reverse osmosis could also be employed.

What about the using aluminium or iron based flocculants such as alum and then removing the precipitates through mechanical filtration? These metals with their ability to form multicharged polynuclear complexes are good contenders.

The actual treatment ultimately depends on the rate of enrichment of TDS and the volume of water to be treated. Archaic treatments such as using of sand beds or percolation systems are still practised with success even today in many parts of the world.

IN answering your question a product came to my mind which I had learnt about in during my graduation days while studying ethnobotany. In India, the nuts of the tree Strychnos potatorum have long been used as water purifier, specifically as clarifier, for millennia with actual success, although the raw fruit is very poisonous and immensely effective fish poison when crushed. If it interests you then you can have a look into it. BUT you should absolutely refrain from it if you are treating aquaculture water supplies or effluents.

Regards,

Dr. Abhishek Mukherjee

So true Carlos Banchon

Dear Daniyal,

check the link below, hopefully you will get the method from there.

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_reduce_Hardness_and_TDS_in_bore_water_to_make_it_safe_for_daily_utilities

Thanks,

First of all you have to consider the purpose of the use. Do you want the water to be purified for laboratory experimental work or any other purpose.

Anion exchange or revers osmosis or distillation are better options. There are some electrochemical methods, such as electrocoagulation, electrooxidation and reduction etc.

For ion exchange method of reducing TDS, a twin bed is needed. That is: Cation exchange with hydrogen ion and anion exchange with hydroxide ion in series. The amount and typr of ion exhxhange resins must be carefully matched.

However, it only works with low TDS water (usually

So true Dr. Abhishek Mukherjee

Omar Ali Al-Khashman

Thank you for your appreciation

Well,

The best is the Membrane process such as OSMOSIS Application as shown in the attached table.

Regards

It depends on your purpose of use. membrane based technologies are the best option for desalination. Nanofiltration can reduce TDS, but reverse osmosis and dialysis are better options to achieve a more efficient salt removal.

Nice figure and statement Dr. Bayan.

For the reduce of TDS from drinking water including coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, nano filtration, adsorption (e.g., iron-coated limestone) and usage of activated alumina.

I agree@ Jasim Hassen

Interesting question and follow up

I think RO is the best method to decrease TDS of water.

I think the coagulation and the reverse osmosis would be the efficient methods to decrease TDS of water.

I wish to know what method you used to measure TDS.

Hardness is measured as Ca and Mg, therefore using cation exchange, you could remove hardness. However anions still remaining in water cause high TDS.

Since you have used cation exchange resin and still TDS is remaining same, it does indicate that in your sample, TDS is due to presence of organic matter in water. Now, in order to remove the non-ionic organic salt, you will have to use either, reverse osmosis or activated carbon filter or distillation method. But distillation method is comparatively costly in compare to others.

Reverse Osmosis is good option.

nano filtration by use of magnetic nano tube or zeolite is one solution.

if you want to do zero discharge system than go for MEE (MULTIPLE EFFECT EVAPORATOR).

FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN CONTACT ME ON 09904001159 OR [email protected]

You may require further treatment of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration as the cheapest and certain method to eliminate the TDS

Nano filtration and Reverse Osmosis are the most effective methods.

Follow.

Dear Daniyal,

There are various physical, physico-chemical, bio-chemical, micro-biological and combination of other processes (aeration, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation followed by filtration, ion exchange, reverse osmosis etc.).

For the selection of an appropriate water treatment technology (WTT) or processing method/ technique it requires type of raw water sources (surface, ground, domestic wastewater, industrial wastewater etc.), water composition (list of other significant parameters including TDS), quantity or discharge, purpose and use of treated water (drinking, cooking, bathing, washing, gardening etc.), scale (large, medium, small house hold level etc.), treatment cost and so on.

If you will provide such information then it will be easier to select an appropriate WTT. Higher level of Total Dissolved Substances means there are several cations and anions and interacting substances which tend to increase hardness. There might be other excess amount/concentration of elements/ substances except TDS. During water processing all the harmful elements have to be treated to meet the requirements.

Regards,

Dr. Chet

I agree@ Jamileh Shahriyari for your answer" nano filtration and Reverse Osmosis are the most effective methods.

Dear @ Daniyal Ahmed.

All answers given are most apt for reducing TDS, however a multiple process requires to be chosen as per input raw water specs.

Most ideally have a pre-process strainer/ filter then apply RO with designed motive pressure.

RO Filter to be twin sets with in situ cleanup devices ie drain, flush, blow-thro air & water, back flush too.

Now can have Distilation under vacuum , done to reduce power consumed.

Nano filtration may be next,

If water is sought for potable purposes have a low-flow UV process.

Pl feel free to share your on field data on service trials of your WTP .

Well wishes.

RO is good technique to reduce TDS

After primary treatment yes but only up to certain concentration i.e up 4 to 5%.

for further concentration its better to for go for steam or mechanical compressor based evaporation plant.

I agree with all answers, but should be tested after each method?

Thankyou Everyone For Your Precious Suggestions!

But Physical Treatment Processes Like Reverse Osmosis And Nanofiltration Are Way Too Costly For Me .

Any Chemical Process Treatments In Which Reagents Are Used Will Be Economically Suitable For Me.

Other Information:

Water Is Acquired From Bore-Well And Contains Large Composition Of Minerals Causing Hardness And High TDS.

TDS=1600 ppm

I Will Be Thankful For Your Suggestions.

Regards,

Daniyal

Yes, I agree@ Virendra Kumar Saxena "RO is good technique to reduce TDS"

Attempt should be made not to increase the TDS. Stop to contaminate the water by any means.

Reverse Osmosis, and Ion Exchange Treatment.

Some answers suggested are very effective and agree with them. Below is the general classification of TDS and treatment method suggested.

0-200 ---> UV Water Purifier

200-300 ---> RO+UV water purifier

300-500 ---> RO+UV+UF

Reverse osmosis & Ion exchange treatment may be used to lowering the TDS levels of water.

Yes, Reverse Osmosis ( RO is good technique to reduce TDS ), and Ion Exchange Treatment.

What forms total dissolved solids?

Best regards

Vit

Vit Mateju Mostly Calcium Magnesium And Sulphate Ions !

Dear Danial Ahmed.

If you wish to have no TDS at all, then you can create a chamber with vacuum and boil and cool the water vapour.

In this method , used for small flows is fine. It consumes energy for distiilation , condensing/ cooling water vapour and continuous discharge of salts in water, prior loading new feed, also done continuous mode.

Well wishes.

TDS of water can be reduced by reverse osmosis process.

1. Advance oxidation with potassium permanganate (0.63M aqueous solution) and hydrogen peroxide (30%):

add 4ml/L potassium permanganate and mixed well, if the mixture is not light brownish like then need to add until it become light brownish.

then add peroxide 1ml/L or if u add more permanganate the ratio should be 4:1, let it react for 6hrs and mix every hour during this reaction period.

2. Filtration with zeolite and silica sand (mesh 140): pre wash zeolite until resulting rinse water clear and then make a filter having 4" zeolite and silica sand 2". Treat the water with aluminum chlorohydrate (0.1ml/L) or electrocoagulate at 3A+2V with aluminum/ stainless/ carbon electrode and then filter trough.

There are many methods for removal of TDS from contaminated wastewater like Reverse Osmosis, and Ion Exchange Treatment.

RO is best method to reduce TDS

Dilution method is also one of the option to reduce the TDS.

there are various techniques such as distillation, RO, Ion-exchange resins as well ad dilution etc. however technique is to be determined depending on the expected quality of the product water and what purpose that you are going to use for, level of contamination (TDS), what kind of cations and anions in it etc.

Reverse osmosis and dilutions. Methods are commonly used to reduce TDS

verify the original TDS in the raw and treated wastewater.

Perhaps the treatment is not the best one for this problem.

The TDS is done by gravimetry or conductimetry?

Reversis Osmosis could be one solution, however the SDI f the water must be low - lets say 3

Reverse osmosis is best way to reduce/minimize TDS.

There are many methods but Reverse Osmosis is still most effective.

Dilusion and reverse osmosis usually used to reduce TDS.

Highly contaminated! What is the TDS level ? efficiency of treatment methods depends on the inflow concentration.

For TDS is lower than 3000ppm .The ultrafiltration is ok.

Agreed with Shahul . Process depend on concentration of TDS

@Daniyal Ahmed

The best way to reduce TDS is by reverse osmosis.

Expanding answer by@ Dr. Maria SRA, distillation if it can be done, it is the most effective.

For distillation Multi Effect and vacuum chamber can be used.

This will reduce the energy requirement.

Water can be boiled at 60 to70 deg C if vacuum of 90-95% can be given.

It is workable on sea water ideal for near coastal installations.

Well wishes.

Using nanofilters.

Hello Dear Dr Daniyal Ahmed

Reverse osmosis (RO) is an efficient process for the TDS removal. A professional Reverse Osmosis system is capable of removing 90-99% of the dissolved mineral salts from water.

Best regards

Fatah BOUTELDJAOUI

There are different methods/techniques for the removal of TDS in water depending on the level of TDS.

1 - Reverse osmosis (Most efficient)

2 - Distillation

3 - Deionization

4 - Filters and softeners

I have published in more than one research the use of Moringa Oleifera seeds in water treatment and the results are amazing.

check this link , may be interested for you

https://pureaqua.com/total-dissolved-solids-tds-reduction/

If your plant is small and you don't want to pay more cost, you may use the dilution method to reduce TDS. Though it is not a removal method, just light your load.

Dilution method , fress water ingress is economical and seems to be good option. Sufficient literature available in RG.

For zero discharge, you have to go with MEE system.

For details you can contact me on [email protected]

9904001159