Both the terms are frequently used interchangeably but at occasions they are also used independently for relatively different meanings. Some of the plant drugs are now being projected as adjuvant/concomitant therapy along with allopathic drugs. This may give a new dimension but will have its own implications. Therefore both the terms should be categorized for their specific meanings.
I would say that an adjuvant therapy is part of a full therapy for certain disease, while a concomitant therapy can be completely unrelated to the disease under investigation or could be directed to alleviate adverse events caused by the principal therapy.
An adjuvant therapy is administered after the main therapy with the objective of increasing survival. About concomitant therapy, in accordance with Luca.
Adjuvant is a therapy intended to improve or to complete the effect of the main therapy.
Concomitant is a therapy which is administered simultaneously but for other purposes.
For instance in hypertension you could use diuretics and vasodilators (adjuvant). In hypertension plus intestinal infections you may use diuretics and antibiotics (concomitant).
Adjuvant means after surgery
Concomitant means together more than one therapy at same time for synergism
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