I think I need biological explanation on how it interacts to grow bones. I think it maybe have to do with some ion exchange in HAP that initiates the osteoconduction process. Anyone having the idea?
This might help you: "It was also possible to measure an elevated
activity of osteoblasts associated with a temporarily
diminished osteoclast activity in the implant’s region close
to the bone. The cause of the physiological change could be
the elevated Mg21 concentrations produced by either the
dissolving magnesium hydroxide or the local alkalosis."
Check the following papers:
"Magnesium degradation products: Effects on tissue and human
metabolism" by J.-M. Seitz, R. Eifler, Fr.-W. Bach, H. J. Maier
"Magnesium hydroxide temporarily enhancing osteoblast activity and decreasing the osteoclast number in peri-implant bone remodeling" by Janning C, Willbold E, Vogt C, Nellesen J, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Windhagen H, Thorey F, Witte F
The behavior of osteoblast and osteoclast cells in contact with doped hydroxyapatite explain HA effect on bone growth. You should consider the effect of doping on two aspect: 1. dissolution of HA (releasing of Ca and P) 2. dissolution of HA (release of doped ion)
I will publish a paper about fluoridated hydroxyapatite (FHA) MTT evaluation. It shows that increasing F ion, decreased Ca ion releasing from FHA and decrease the rate of osetoblast cell proliferation.
Also you can see the effect of calcium ion on osteoblast cell in these publications:
"Adams CS, Shapiro IM (2003) Mechanism by which extracellular matrix components induce osteoblast apoptosis. Connect Tissue Res 44:230-239"
"Loza J, Caprio L, Lawless G, Marzec N, Dziak R (1995) Role of extracellular calcium influx in EGF-induced osteoblastic cell proliferation. Bone 16:341S-347S"
"Qu H, Wei M (2006) The effect of fluoride content in fluoridated hydroxyapatite on osteoblast behavior. Acta Biomater 2:113-119"
"Cheng K, Weng W, Wang H, Zhang S (2005) In vitro behavior of osteoblast-like cells on fluoridated hydroxyapatite coatings. Biomater 26:6288-6295"
Many studies have shown these effects, and that collagen can even increase the response: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0257897205013484
I would guess, as others have, that calcium and phosphorus concentration are important, but also mechanics is important as well. The crystals are extremely stiff, and so they could encourage differentiation down more bone-like pathways.
hydroxyapatite which is consist of calcium and phosphate ion is really similar with bone mineral structure. The bone will take calcium and phosphate from hydroxyapatite for its part and make bone mineral from it.
Dear Helen Kas: I would like to acknowledge your interest in the former signalled sections of my Ph.D. Thesis, but unfortunately, I did not extract this work for independent publication as paper written in English.