Not a formula as such, but there is an approach:  Economic Value Added, either summed from each process step, or calculated at the level of the business as a whole.

Basically you look at (depending on your purpose) the assets or shareholder equity employed, and estimate what the market rate of return on those assets/shares should be based on the riskiness of the business and a risk pricing model such as CAPM.  Any returns above that are Economic Vale Added.  

Not trivial, but there are plenty of books and articles about it.    Try the acronyms EVA or SVA (Shareholder Value Added).  

Dear Colleagues, I absolutely agree with Dr. Richard. Camp model is very good and useful.

For me lets take for instance the porter-value chain 

The trend may go depends on the existing condition yet: 

                               Primary implements  

Logistic------operations-------logistics outbound------marketing (liquidated or tangible)----service uptake------support service (infrastructure and technological innovation)

Then the first thing will be calculating the concentration ratio or proportion of the average.

The second is estimating  each activities in the value chain with margin