Especially when the particles occupy the free volume of the polymer. Both kinds of wave propagation are affected by different material properties (refractive index, acoustic impedances, etc.) and by different length scales (different wavelength) but both of them are sensitive to the modification of other polymer properties due to the presence of the particles.
As I see this question is more than a year old (although RG marked it as NEW) I hope you found some paper or a study about that problem. Perhaps you can place some links at RG.
It´s quite interesting not only for detection of nanoparticles but e.g. detection of presence or estimation of diameters of small bubbles in liquids.
I guess ultrasonic waves have a much larger wavelength in comparison to the diameter of nanoparticles, so detection of presence would be not easy. Of course if you add some (nano)particles to your polymer the properties will change and can be detected with ultrasound (time of flight, viscosity, damping,refraction...). But perhaps you can`t associate this change of property to the addition of nanoparticles or other contamination.
Best regards,
Marc
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