The process of transplantation of dopaminergic neurons derived from embryonic-stem cells has indicated to be propitious in restoring motor symptoms in conditions of dopamine deficiency such as PD. These neurons demonstrate electrophysiological and behavioural properties anticipated of neurons from the midbrain:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature00900

Nevertheless, the application of induced pluripotent-stem cells (iPS) might result in the development of tumors if not appropriately controlled in experimental and in vivo conditions if there was no immunorejection already. iPS cells differentiate into dopamine neurons of midbrain, and were able to improve behavior in rats with PD upon transplantation into the adult brain. In lab-and not yet in real in vivo condition-tumor formation from the grafted cells was prevented by separating contaminating iPS cells using fluorescence-activated cell sorting:

https://www.pnas.org/content/105/15/5856

But there are novel approaches that identified a set of three transcription factors—Mash1 (also known as Ascl1), Nurr1 (also known as Nr4a2) and Lmx1a—which are evidently able to generate directly functional dopaminergic neurons from mouse and human fibroblasts without reverting to a progenitor cell stage. Such induced dopaminergic (iDA) cells have proved to release dopamine and show spontaneous electrical activity organized in regular APs consistent with the pacemaker activity featured by brain dopaminergic neurons. The three factors were able to elicit dopaminergic neuronal conversion in prenatal and adult fibroblasts from healthy donors and Parkinson’s disease patients, but there is still no sufficient and applicable evidence regarding the direct administration of such iDAs to hippocampal region.

Direct generation of iDA cells from somatic cells could have remarkable implications for understanding critical processes for neuronal development, in vitro disease modelling and cell replacement therapies. I think that this method could be cost-effective and as you said, economically and in terms of neurobiology feasible. But again the high risk of iPS or better to say iDA tumor generating problem could prove to be hardly controllable in vivo. Better ways to graft iPS or iDAs in other brain regions should be considered or devised.

Considering neurogenesis in the DG, this can be of great help in development of novel effective approaches to such transplantation procedure.

Great study discussion with senior neurosciences Professor anatomy and physiology will guide you better to understand brain and spinal cord,

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