Most of the articles used for both RF and VLC systems.

"Energy Efficient Resource Allocation for Mixed RF/VLC Heterogeneous Wireless Networks" Shannon is used in this article for both RF and VLC.

Dear Nancy Alshaer , in addition to the response of Farooq Mohammed , I wish to share with you the following:

The Shannon-Hartley theorem, which quantifies the maximum data transmission rate of a communication channel given its bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), is fundamentally applicable across all forms of electromagnetic wave-based communication, including both radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC). Since the theorem is derived from principles that are not dependent on specific frequencies but rather on the general properties of electromagnetic waves and statistical information theory, its validity spans the entire electromagnetic spectrum, including the visible light region.

However, applying the Shannon-Hartley theorem to visible light communication involves specific considerations unique to the optical domain. Visible light communication typically operates at much higher frequencies than RF communication, resulting in substantially larger available bandwidths. This large bandwidth implies potentially higher channel capacities, as per the theorem. Nevertheless, VLC systems face different noise sources and propagation characteristics compared to RF systems. For instance, visible light communication is highly susceptible to ambient light interference and optical signal attenuation due to obstacles and absorption by atmospheric particles, which impacts the effective SNR. These factors must be accurately characterized and mitigated to leverage the Shannon-Hartley theorem in VLC systems fully.

Furthermore, the practical implementation of the Shannon-Hartley theorem in VLC requires advanced modulation techniques and error-correction algorithms to maximize data transmission efficiency under varying environmental conditions. While the theoretical framework of the Shannon-Hartley theorem remains valid, the real-world application in visible light communication necessitates addressing challenges such as line-of-sight requirements, multi-path reflections, and dynamic changes in ambient lighting. Advanced optical components and signal processing technologies are essential to optimize the SNR and harness the extensive bandwidth available in the visible spectrum. Thus, while the Shannon-Hartley theorem is indeed applicable to both RF and VLC across the electromagnetic spectrum, its practical utility in VLC demands careful consideration of the unique optical propagation and noise characteristics.

I hope this gives you a clear start.

Shafik

Thank you, Wasswa Shafik, for the detailed and clear answer.