Does tunneling mean that in a certain area a real photon turns into a virtual one, and then turns into a real one again? Could this lead to observable (vacuum) effects? However, a photon (unlike gluon) has no charge .....
If we understand the phenomenom of a virtual photon then it is easy to understand that quantum tunneling is a feature of single photon interaction with matter. IE all photons act individually but are statistically random.
A photon interacts with the atoms on one side of a barrier. This interaction creates a temporary field which causes an electron on the other side to jump to a lower quantum energy level.
This jump releases a photon which can be detected and (almost) immediately reabsorbs the energy from the surroundings, giving a cooling effect to the material.
We explain the interaction mathematically by assuming a 'virtual photon' has passed through the barrier. In practice nothing of the sort has happened.
However, explaining how a field affects material on the other side of a barrier without a quantum of energy passing through the barrier is beyond our current global maths (and philosophical) capability.
Generally, tunnelling is the quantum state for single-particle interaction with matter. For photons to interact with matter,it produces a temporary field and transfers an electron to a lower state level. The transfer releases a photon reabsorbs the energy from matter.............................................................