A technique for increasing the accuracy of some physical constants up to 11 decimal places is proposed.
Preprint A Method for Empirical Estimation of Planck's Length, Mass, ...
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In CODATA 2018, some physical constants have the "exact" attribute. The preprint shows that this attribute needs to be removed.
Gravitational-electromagnetic resonance can be an experimental basis for improving the accuracy of the Newtonian gravitational constant.
The scale factor of the Newtonian gravitational constant is so large that experiments even on the scale of the entire solar system will not be able to give an unambiguous answer about the accuracy of the value of this constant. A feature of the Newtonian constant of gravitation is the fact that it can equally well be represented both by the main spatial and energy characteristics of the observable Universe - the Hubble radius (RH), the mass of baryonic matter (MU), the Hubble time (TH), and by the characteristics of the microcosm, for example, Planck's length (lP), mass (mP) and time (tP), and also the characteristics of any gravitating object, for example, the Earth - its mass (ME), the gravitational quantization step (SE) and the delay time (TE) of the light signal propagation at a distance equal to the quantization step.
G = (RH^3)/[MU*(TH^2)] = (lP^3)/[mP*(tP^2)] = (SE^3)/[ME*(TE^2)].
At the same time, the characteristics of time can be excluded from the description if we go to the linear rarefaction of the Planck mass, which is equal to the linear rarefaction of the baryon mass of the observable Universe, and is also equal to the linear rarefaction of the mass of any gravitating object - as the ratio of the step of its gravitational quantization to the mass. The step of gravitational quantization, for example, of the Sun (about 1476 m) or the Earth (about 0.00434 m) is determined on the basis of the gravitational-electromagnetic resonance of the gravitating object.
G = (RH/MU)*c^2 = (lP/mP)*c^2 = (SE/ME)*c^2.
Method for estimating the quantization step of the Earth. The ideal is to estimate the quantization step in space in the Earth's orbit. In ground conditions using a resonant installation, which is described in the article:
PLANCK UNIVERSAL PROPORTIONS. GRAVITATIONAL - ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE.
https://hal.science/hal-01329094
for the experiment, the maximum possible number of points on the Earth's surface is selected (ideally, more than 100). At each of these points, on the basis of gravitational-electromagnetic resonance, the quantization step of the Earth is determined. The free fall acceleration of the Earth is also estimated at these points. In accordance with the methodology given in the preprint, the value of the Newtonian constant of gravity is determined. Data for all measurements are averaged.
The preprint says that the constants reflect the structure of matter at its level, at which the scenario of the action of the physical law unfolds, in which the constant is represented. The stability of a constant indicates the stability of the corresponding structure of matter and vice versa. Since there is no space expansion of the Hubble sphere, the speed of light is a constant value. The speed of light is one of the main spatial and energy characteristics of the observable Universe - the Hubble sphere.
The speed of light in a vacuum and the Newtonian constant of gravity reflects the structure of matter and space-time of the entire observable Universe, that is, the Hubble sphere. Accordingly, if the corresponding structure changed, for example, space-time expanded, then these constants would also change. This thesis is especially relevant in relation to the speed of light in a vacuum since 1983 this constant has the "exact" accuracy attribute set: c=299792458 m^1s^-1 "exact".
In the article:
"QUANTIZATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE. THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE QUANTUM OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. WHY THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN VACUUM IS CONSTANT."
https://hal.science/hal-02553557
it is shown that the speed of light can be expressed in terms of the main spatial and energy characteristics of the observable Universe:
c = sqrt[(Fp/Mu)*Ru],
where Fp is the Planck force, Mu is the mass of baryonic matter in the observable Universe, Ru is the Hubble radius or the radius of the observable Universe.
In the article:
"Analytical evaluation of the numerical values of the
Hubble constant and main spatial-energy characteristics
of the observable Universe."
https://hal.science/hal-02045149
numerical estimates of these quantities are given:
Fp = 1.21048301950*10^44 kg^1m^1s^-2;
Mu = 1.8442238245*10^53 kg^1;
Ru = 1.3692928247*10^26 m^1.
Then the speed of light for these values:
c = sqrt[(Fp/Mu)*Ru] = 299792458.0003025 m^1s^-1.
Obviously, the boundary of the space-time expansion front has a speed close to the speed of light. One light year is approximately equal to: 9.461*10^15 m^1. Then 40 years ago in 1983 the Hubble radius was less than the current value by 3.7844*10^17 m^1, and the speed of light should have been: c = 299792457.586025 m^1s^-1. And every year since 1983, it had to gradually increase to its current value.
c=299792458 m^1s^-1. However, numerous experiments consistently confirm the "exact" attribute. This means that there is no expansion of space-time and there is no dark energy in nature.
On the site:
https://www.academia.edu/s/75a9ec0114?source=link
where this preprint is discussed, a small discussion arose on the issue of normalizing fundamental constants to the form: G = 1; c = 1. In my opinion, such normalization is possible for the analysis of the dynamic part of physical laws, that is, the tendencies of these laws since it excludes from these laws the structure of matter, which is displayed by these constants, but this is only a convenient technique to simplify the analysis and nothing more. Such normalization does not give new knowledge. I was not convincing in my position, so I will briefly present my understanding of these constants, as well as, in my opinion, the underestimated Planck force constant Fp. First of all, it should be noted that all three constants are absolutely limiting possible values on the scale of the observable Universe, and being in fact constants of the macrocosm, they can also be representatives of the microcosm. Let: mp, lp, tp is the Planck mass, length, and time, Mu is the baryon mass of the observable Universe, Ru is the Hubble radius, Tu is the Hubble time. Then:
1. c = lp / tp = Ru / Tu;
2. G = (lp^3) / [mp*(tp^2)] = (Ru^3) / [Mu*(Tu^2)];
3. Fp = (mp*lp) / (tp^2) = (Mu*Ru) / (Tu^2).
Or:
4. G = (lp / mp)*c^2 = (Ru / Mu)*c^2;
5. Fp = Fp*(lp / lp) = Fp*(Ru / Ru) = (mp / lp)*c^2 = (Mu / Ru)*c^2.
The speed of light is the maximum possible, limiting the speed of transmission of physical interaction in the observable universe. On the other hand, the square of the speed of light c^2 is the quantum of the gravitational field of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe. The physical nature of the gravitational field quantum is the kinematic gravitational viscosity of the gravitational field of the observable Universe.
See article:
QUANTIZATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE. THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE QUANTUM OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. WHY THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM IS CONSTANT.
https://hal.science/hal-02553557
Kinematic gravitational viscosity is resistance, an obstacle to the movement of one part of the gravitating space relative to its other part. The key words here are resistance to movement. Therefore, the speed of light is a characteristic of the maximum possible resistance to movement in the space of the observable Universe. Its analog in electromagnetism is electrical resistance, as resistance to the movement of charges in an electric circuit, which, like speed, has the dimension [m^1s^-1].
See article:
ELECTRIC CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF THE MOMENT OF MASS. GRAVITATIONAL FORM OF COULOMB'S LAW.
https://hal.science/hal-01374611
Summary. The speed of light and the square of the speed of light is an exceptional, exclusive characteristic of the gravitational field of the observable Universe (Hubble's sfera). Its value is not determined by the curvature of space! but by the main space-energy parameters of the observable Universe. The Planck force is the maximum possible, limiting force that can act in the observable universe. If S is the quantization step of a gravitating object, that is, the length of its standing gravitational wave, whose mass is m, then the total energy of this object E is equal to:
6. E = m*c^2 = Fp*S.
E = Fp*S this formula can be interpreted as the total energy of a gravitating object is equal to the work of its gravitational field on a sphere-like curvature of space-time with a radius of curvature equal to S. S and m are uniquely related by Planck's proportions.
See article:
GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE SUN AS ONE OF THE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF AURORAL RADIO EMISSION OF PLANETS IN THE KILOMETRIC RANGE.
https://hal.science/hal-01232287
From formula 6 it follows that the force is the linear density of the total energy of the gravitating body. The force modulus formula: F = m*a, can be converted to the form:
F = {m*[L / (t^2)]}* (L / L) = (m / L)*(V^2),
where V is the speed. Thus, the statement that force is a linear energy density leads to the statement that force is proportional to the linear mass density. Strength is the main characteristic of action, and action is the main characteristic of movement. Therefore, the linear mass density is a characteristic of the intensity of action. Returning to the Planck force, in accordance with formula 5, it can be argued that it is a composition of the maximum possible action intensity (Mu / Ru) in the observable Universe and the kinematic gravitational viscosity (c^2) of the gravitational field of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe. It should also be borne in mind that the kinematic gravitational viscosity c^2 is a quantum of the gravitational field, and this is one of its main energy characteristics. The intensity of action (Mu / Ru) is a characteristic exclusively of the space-time of the observable Universe, and the kinematic gravitational viscosity (c^2) is a characteristic of its gravitational field exclusively. Together, this gives us that the Planck force is the maximum possible intensity of action in a viscous gravitational field. The Newtonian constant of gravity is also a composition of two operands - one of which is a characteristic of the entire space-time of the observable universe - (Ru /Mu) is a linear rarefaction of baryon mass and gravitational viscosity (c^2). The linear rarefaction of the baryon mass (Ru /Mu) is the reciprocal of its linear density, so this is a characteristic of the maximum possible intensity of the action inflation. In the complex, the Newtonian gravitational constant is the maximum possible inflation of the action under the conditions of the viscous gravitational field of the observable Universe. The composition of two constants Fp and G leads to the mutual annihilation of their opposite parts and gives only a characteristic of the gravitational field - the square of its kinematic gravitational viscosity:
Fp*G = c^4.
The well-known law of universal gravitation can be represented as:
F = G*[(m1 / r)*(m2 / r)].
That is, it is the composition of the maximum possible inflation of action on the scale of the entire observable Universe (G) with the composition [(m1 / r)*(m2 / r)] of local action intensities in the local area r^2.
It follows from the above that the normalization of the form: G = 1; c = 1 cannot be used in existing physical laws, but can only be used as a tool for their analysis.
Valery Timkov,
Is it currently possible to improve the accuracy of the Newtonian constant of gravity from 6 to 11 decimal places? No, absolutely not ... because gravity has been shown to be a (delicate) electrostatic phenomenon so that the local permittivity is a hidden variable in Newton's universal gravitation theory. (See the attached booklet.) God Bless, Dennis P. Allen Jr., PhD
As it was said earlier, the constants reflect the structure of matter at its level, at which the scenario of the action of the law unfolds, in which this constant is present. And more specifically, each of the three main constants of the macrocosm reflects the limiting, extreme, boundary characteristics and properties of this structure:
1. The square of the speed of light in vacuum is a quantum of the gravitational field, and its physical nature is the maximum possible value of the kinematic gravitational viscosity of the gravitational field of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe. The square root of the quantum of the gravitational field - the speed of light in a vacuum is the maximum possible speed of transmission of physical interaction in the observable universe. Quantum of the gravitational field: a) determines the energy of any gravitating object through the mass and the Einstein formula, b) through the linear density of the Planck mass, or what is the same through the maximum possible value of the intensity of action in the observable Universe, determines the Planck force, and by analogy with the Einstein formula – the energy of this force, c) through the rarefaction of the Planck mass linear density, or what is the same through the maximum possible value of inflation of the intensity of action in the observable Universe, determines the Newtonian constant of gravitation, and by analogy with Einstein’s formula – the energy of this inflation.
2. The Planck force is the maximum possible value of the force that can act in the space-time of the observable Universe.
3. The Newtonian constant of gravitation is the maximum possible value of inflation of the intensity of action in the space-time of the observable Universe. Let's consider the transition constant from the microcosm to the macrocosm, and in a narrower sense the constant of the transition from an elementary particle - an electron to an electromagnetic field, that is, a fine structure constant. Since it is a characteristic of the transition from one structural level of matter to another, this constant cannot take on the maximum possible, extreme values of any structural level. Therefore, this constant can only be a delimiter constant. Let's show it. There are three fundamental attributes of matter: length, mass, and time. There are many dependencies and formulas that include the fine structure constant, but if we decompose these dependencies and formulas, it turns out that the main formula that includes this constant is the formula that relates the Bohr radius and the Compton wavelength of an electron. Thus, out of the 3 attributes of matter, the fine structure constant "works" mainly with length, and in a broader sense with a spatial dimension. On the other hand, the charge is a function of the mass momentum of leptons and baryons, which is defined in terms of their Compton wavelength. The charge formula also includes the fine structure constant, from which:
α = (e^2)/(mp*lp*10^7) = (e^2)/(me*λ*10^7) = (e^2)/(mpr*λpr*10^7) = (e^2)/(mn*λn*10^7) =…
e is the charge; mp, lp are the Planck mass and length; me, mpr, mn… mass respectively of electron, proton, neutron…, λ, λpr, λn… Compton wavelength respectively of an electron, proton, neutron…
According to the Compton principle, particle sizes cannot be smaller than their Compton wavelength. On the other hand, the mass moments of leptons and baryons, which are determined through their Compton wavelength, are equal to each other. The fine structure constant is a universal limiter of: a) particle sizes in terms of their Compton wavelength, b) the mass moments of these particles.
Valery Timkov,
No, modern physics is based upon Newton's mechanics which has been shown to be experimentally incorrect. (See my attached.)
God Bless,
Dennis P. Allen Jr., PhD
Planck's constant, as an energy quantum of the electromagnetic field, is one of the main constants of electromagnetic interaction. Since the basis of the electromagnetic field is a moving charge, then, as a characteristic of the structure of matter, it must represent the structure of both the microcosm and the macrocosm. Planck's constant is not a transitional constant between the structural levels of matter (which, for example, is the fine structure constant), but the essence of these structural levels, so it must be composite. And the operands of the composite, representing the microcosm and the macrocosm, must take the maximum possible values in their class. Let us represent the reduced Planck constant (Dirac constant) in the form:
ħ = [mp*lp]*[c] = [me*λ]*[c] = [mpr*λpr]*[c] = [mn*λn]*[c] =…,
where [mp*lp], [me*λ], [mpr*λpr], [mn*λn]… are the moments of the mass of the hypothetical Planck particle, leptons, and baryons, defined through their Compton wavelength, or operands that represent the microcosm; [c] is the speed of light in vacuum or an operand that represents the macrocosm. Formula operands take the maximum possible value in their characteristic class. It follows from the formula that the physical nature of the quantum of the electromagnetic field is the moment of motion in the macrocosm of the moment of the mass of a particle of the microcosm.
A scale factor between the microcosm and macrocosm. Large modified Dirac energy numbers NDe show that the main characteristics of the macrocosm differ from the main characteristics of the microcosm by 60 orders of magnitude.
NDe = EU/EP = MU/mP = RU/lP = TU/tP = 8.47280*10^60;
NDe^2 = (MU* RU) /(mP*lP) = (MU* TU) /(mP*tP) = (TU* RU) /(tP*lP) = =7.1788*10^121,
where EU, MU, RU, TU are the energy and mass of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe, as well as its radius and Hubble time; EP, mP, lP, tP are Planck's energy, mass, length, and time.
See article:
Analytical evaluation of the numerical values of the Hubble constant and main spatial-energy characteristics of the observable Universe.
https://hal.science/hal-02045149
The spectrum of reflected solar radiation from any gravitating object in the solar system necessarily contains at least two envelopes of this spectrum. The frequency of one envelope of the spectrum is the frequency of the gravitational-electromagnetic resonance of the Sun - about 203 kHz (wavelength SS is about 1477 m), and the frequency of the other envelope is the frequency of the gravitational-electromagnetic resonance of the gravitating object itself, for example, for the Earth it is 67.6 GHz (wavelength SE is about 0.00444 m), for Jupiter it is 0.2127 GHz (SJ wavelength is about 1.41 m), for Saturn it is 0.71 GHz (SSa wavelength is about 0.42 m), for Mars it is 631.78 GHz (SM wavelength is about 0.00048 m)… See articles:
GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE SUN AS ONE OF THE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF AURORAL RADIO EMISSION OF PLANETS IN THE KILOMETRIC RANGE.
https://hal.science/hal-01232287
THE GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE SUN IN THE LOW-FREQUENCY OF RADIO SPECTRUM OF THE JUPITER.
https://hal.science/hal-01326265
PLANCK`S UNIVERSAL PROPORTIONS. GRAVITATIONAL - ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE.
https://hal.science/hal-01329094
Knowing the masses of these gravitating objects, or the ratio of their masses to the mass of the Sun: https://web.archive.org/web/20131110215339/http:/asa.usno.navy.mil/static/files/2014/Astronomical_Constants_2014.pdf
And also by measuring the above frequencies on a precision spectrum analyzer, we can estimate the Newtonian constant of gravitation:
G = (lp/mp)*c^2 = (SS/MS)*c^2 = (SE/ME)*c^2 = (SJ/MJ)*c^2 = (SSa/MSa)*c^ 2= = (SM/MM)*c^2 =…,
where lp, mp is the Planck length and mass, MS, ME, MJ, MSa, MM… is the mass of the Sun, the Earth, Jupiter, Saturn, Mars...
The accuracy of the estimate will be determined by the accuracy of the estimate of the masses of gravitating objects.
In the emission spectrum of any star in the observable Universe, such as the Sun, see the figures in the article:
GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE SUN AS ONE OF THE POSSIBLE SOURCES OF AURORAL RADIO EMISSION OF PLANETS IN THE KILOMETRIC RANGE.
https://hal.science/hal-01232287
there is necessarily a component (envelope of the spectrum) at the frequency of the gravitational-electromagnetic resonance of this star. If we measure the frequency of this envelope and then calculate its wavelength S, then using Planck's Universal Proportions, in particular, Planck's mass linear density: (mp/lp), where mp, lp is Planck's mass and length, we can estimate with a high degree of accuracy mass M of this star:
M = S*(mp/lp).
I think that this statement is also true for a cluster of stars. However, the proof of this statement requires additional theoretical and practical research.
The observable universe is bounded by the surface of the Hubble sphere, whose radius is a constant. In other words, the observable Universe is not expanding and is in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium. See article:
ROTATING SPACE OF THE UNIVERSE, AS A SOURCE OF DARK ENERGY AND DARK MATTER.
https://hal.science/hal-01329145
Let Mu = 1.8442238245e53 kg be the mass of baryonic matter in the observable Universe. Let, in the first approximation, the observable Universe consist only of protons and electrons (which, in the first approximation, corresponds to reality). Then, due to the significant predominance of the mass of protons over the mass of electrons, we can estimate the total number of protons: N1 = Mu/mpr = 1.1025945543218912822523700804356e+80, where mpr = 1.672 621 923 69 e-27 kg is the mass of the proton. Since the observed Universe is electrically neutral, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons, then the number of electrons is N2 = 1.102594554321891282252370080e+80. The total number of electrons and protons is N = N1 + N2 = 2.205189108643782564504740160e+80. Given the equilibrium state, a rough estimate of the maximum possible value of the entropy of the observable Universe is S = k*log2(N) = 3.6848852191093053e-21 J^1K^-1. The amount of information on the microstates of the observable Universe is determined by the Hartley formula:
I = n*log2(N) = 2*266.89514997 = 533.79029994, where n = 2 is the number of microstates of the observable Universe (electron and proton). If information is generally understood as the total variety of differences in the structural and energy levels of matter, then the values of S and I in the complex determine the upper boundaries of the energy and structural diversity of the observed Universe. Since the information in this case consists of two components with different dimensions, it is mathematically convenient to represent it in the form of a parametric functional.
The electromagnetic field is a special case of the gravitational field. This is due to the fact that: 1) electric charge is a function of the moment of mass; 2) Coulomb's law can be represented in gravitational form; 3) the basic units of measurement of electromagnetism: Ampere, Volt, Ohm, Henry, Farad ... can be represented through units of gravity: meter, kilogram, second; 4) in nature there is a gravitational-electromagnetic resonance. See article:
ELECTRIC CHARGE AS A FUNCTION OF THE MOMENT OF MASS. GRAVITATIONAL FORM OF COULOMB'S LAW.
https://hal.science/hal-01374611 (*)
To 1), …, 4) one should add 5) the propagation medium of electromagnetic waves in vacuum, which is determined by the vacuum magnetic permeability µ0 [H^1m^-1] and the vacuum permittivity ε0 [F^1m^-1], is determined and based on the kinematic gravitational viscosity c^2 (c is the speed of light in vacuum) [m^2s^-2] of the gravitational field of the baryonic matter of the observable Universe: c^2 = 1 / (µ0*ε0). See article:
QUANTIZATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE. THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE QUANTUM OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD.WHY THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM IS CONSTANT.
https://hal.science/hal-02553557
In (*) it is shown that the dimension of inductance in the dimension of gravity is the dimension of length: [H] = [m], and the dimension of electric capacitance in the dimension of gravity is the reciprocal of acceleration, that is, this is deceleration: [F] = [m^-1s^2], then:
[m^2s^-2] = 1 / ([m^-1s^2m^-1]*[m^1m^-1]) = [m^2s^-2].
It is noteworthy that the physical nature of the vacuum magnetic permeability µ0 is the linear density of the vacuum inductance [H^1m^-1], and the physical nature of the vacuum permittivity ε0 is the linear density of the electric capacitance of the vacuum [F^1m^-1].
The formula c^2 = 1 / (µ0*ε0) of the state of the medium, where the gravitational interaction medium is in its left part, and the electromagnetic interaction medium is in the right part, once again confirms the conclusion made in the preprint under consideration: the constants reflect the structure of matter at its structural level, at which the scenario of the action of a physical law unfolds, in which these constants are presented. In terms of the above formula, the statement most of all refers to the set of equations of state of the Maxwell electromagnetic field.
To understand my subsequent statement, I repeat. The theoretical and practical justification for the presence of gravitational-electromagnetic resonance in nature is presented in the article: QUANTIZATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD. THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL SUBSTANTIATION OF THE GRAVITATIONAL-ELECTROMAGNETIC RESONANCE. THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF THE QUANTUM OF THE GRAVITATIONAL FIELD.WHY THE SPEED OF LIGHT IN A VACUUM IS CONSTANT.
https://hal.science/hal-02553557
If there is a gravitational-electromagnetic resonance in nature, then this means that there must also be gravitational-electromagnetic levitation. Preliminary theoretical calculations confirm this statement, but in my experiments, I see only traces of it. The power of the generator and the accuracy of the measuring equipment do not meet the required requirements.
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