• Interleukin (IL)-6 which is one of the cytokines, is highly elevated in case of acute or chronic Epstein Barr virus (EBV) infection in persons who have symptoms (Verbist and Nicholas, 2o19). EBV is about 0-70% in childhood (Papesch and Watkins, 2001). It gradually increases where up to 98% of adults were shown to be infected (Smatti et al., 2017). IL-6 rapidly induce an excessive range of haptoglobin, and hepcidin and induce reduction for produced transferrin (Heinrich et al., 1990).
• Hepcidin which is responsible for the regulation of systemic iron homeostasis with tight influencing of red blood cells production where elevated hepcidin levels not only block intestinal iron absorption but also macrophage iron recycling, resulting in iron restricted erythropoiesis in addition to anaemia (Pagani A et al., 2019).
• Haptoglobin binds the free plasma haemoglobin by allowing degradative enzymes to gain access to haemoglobin i.e., the function of haptoglobin is facilitating haemoglobin clearance and it was known that haemoglobin function is transporting oxygen in the circulatory system (Mackellar and Vigerust, 2016).
• Transferrin has a central role in iron metabolism in the body by transporting iron through the circulation to parts that require it i.e. from gut to bone marrow and other organs as well (Gkouvatsos et al., 2012).

References: