There are Number of geophysical techniques which can solve the numerous problems like bedrock topography, locating concealed faults, shear zones, paleo channels, evaluating elastic parameters of rock, stability of slope failures in land slide zone and many other in engineering projects. The electrical resistivity, seismic refraction, magnetic and gravity are commonly used for geophysical surveys.

The most important method for engineering geophysics is Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves, MASW. These surveys generate a cross-section diagram of shear wave velocities vs depth. Shear wave velocities are a measurement of shear strength, which is the ability of a foundation to support a structure. They also identify trouble spots which might affect the ability to support a structure. It's best to do the survey first, but typically they are only called for when there are problems.

Unfortunately, most engineers will rely on Standard Penetration Tests which are just a spot check on the foundation. Read this article How to Talk to Geotechnical Engineers (fasttimesonline.co)

Engineering geophysics is the application of geophysical methods to the investigation of near-surface phenomena.

Engineering Geophysics is a branch of geophysics that focuses on assessing the suitability of various structures placed on the Earth's surface. Given the significant investment and societal value associated with many infrastructural projects, conducting geophysical surveys is crucial for understanding the subsurface's ability to support these structures. Factors such as soil compactness, degree of fracturing, and weathering play key roles in determining the subsurface's bearing capacity. Commonly employed methods in these surveys include Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Seismic Refraction Tomography (SRT), and Electromagnetic techniques. These methods are utilized extensively in both small and large-scale projects, such as those involving roads, bridges, dams, and building foundations. The insights gained from such studies facilitate the implementation of appropriate designs, thereby mitigating the risk of project failures.@Hanana Abdulqader