According to the typology developed by Van Dyne, Cummings, and McLean-Parks (1995), voice represents a promotive, challenging form of citizenship behavior. And Anjier Chen and Linda K.Treviño (2022) defined ethical voice as individual organization members’ communication of concerns about violations of societal ethical standards (e.g., honesty, fairness, care, respect) and/or suggestions about upholding societal ethical standards. They thought ethical voice is also conceptually distinct from the forms of prosocial voice long studied in that literature.

Van Dyne, L., Cummings, L. L., & McLean-Parks, J. M. (1995). Extra-role behaviors: In pursuit of construct and definitional clarity (a bridge over muddied waters). In L. L. Cummings & B. M. Staw (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior (Vol. 17, pp. 215–285). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Chen A, Treviño LK. Promotive and prohibitive ethical voice: Coworker emotions and support for the voice. J Appl Psychol. 2022 Nov;107(11):1973-1994. doi: 10.1037/apl0001003. Epub 2022 Jan 6. PMID: 34990163.