IS Academic"Ghost authoring" or 'Ghostwriting' a form of plagiarism or a form form of academic fraud?
WIKIPEDIA defines A ghostwriter as 'a person who is hired to author books, manuscripts, screenplays, speeches, articles, songs, blog posts, stories, reports, white papers, or other texts that are officially credited to another person.... Usually, there is a confidentiality clause in the contract between the ghostwriter and the credited author that obligates the former to remain anonymous. Sometimes the ghostwriter is acknowledged by the author or publisher for his or her writing services, euphemistically called a "researcher" or "research assistant", but often the ghostwriter is not credited.'
The American Medical Writers Association :
"Ghost authoring" refers to making substantial contributions without being identified as an author. "Guest authoring" refers to being named as an author without having made substantial contributions. "Ghostwriting" refers to assisting in presenting the author's work without being acknowledged. The term "ghostwriting" is often used to encompass all three of these practices.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghostwriter#Academic
http://business-and-science.de/aktuelles/ist-ghostwriting-legal/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/09/unemployed-professor-texas-tech_n_1412585.html
http://www.amwa.org/amwa_ethics_faqs
Dear Ikenna Okpala,
Semantically, plagiarism and ghost writing have an overlapping distribution because they both refer to the material which is originally produced by an individual other than the publicly named writer. From an ethical viewpoint, however, they are totally different. Whereas plagiarism is regarded as using an academic property without the permission of the original writer, ghostauthoring relates to the creation of writing for the ownership of another based on a mutual agreement involving a financial relationship. Differently stated, ghostauthoring evokes a transnactional situation formed in terms of the consent of the parties involved in the agreement, but plagiarism is a unilateral act exploiting the ethical and legal rights, which are not granted by the original proprietor.
Best regards,
R. Biria
Dear Ikenna Okpala,
Semantically, plagiarism and ghost writing have an overlapping distribution because they both refer to the material which is originally produced by an individual other than the publicly named writer. From an ethical viewpoint, however, they are totally different. Whereas plagiarism is regarded as using an academic property without the permission of the original writer, ghostauthoring relates to the creation of writing for the ownership of another based on a mutual agreement involving a financial relationship. Differently stated, ghostauthoring evokes a transnactional situation formed in terms of the consent of the parties involved in the agreement, but plagiarism is a unilateral act exploiting the ethical and legal rights, which are not granted by the original proprietor.
Best regards,
R. Biria
Ghostwriting in the context of collegiate papers is academic dishonesty. Reza has some brilliant insight into the semantic relationships of the two terms. Plagiarism manifests in many forms and could include ghostwriting in the event that the paper was ghostwritten for hire as a purchasable term paper. Herein lay the rub, so to state, if that term paper is recycled by the ghostwriter, then plagiarism is bound to occur. From my current understanding they are not necessarily the same but one could certainly lead to the other. Both are academically dishonest as it is arguably better to err on the side of caution.
Both, if the ghostwriter is not acknowledged.
All types of Plagiarism are Academic Fraud. (Other forms of Academic Fraud include data fabrication...). Using an unacknowledged Ghost Author is one type of Plagiarism. Therefore a unacknowledged Ghost Authoring is also Academic Fraud.
Using sets, I shall use the symbol "
Ghostwriting is not a farm of plagiarism if the ghostwriter gives original ideas of the original author a proper shape, which the original author could not do because of poor writing skills. Ghostwriting turns into plagiarism if the ghostwriter uses his own ideas/data/information and gives its authorship to a third person.
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