The Fovea is a centre of Macula -area  of the retina responsible for the Central vision- fine vision ability to see an object clearly, characterised by Visuall  Acuity and Color Vision. Only cones are highly concentrated in macula and each cone has his own representative in the brain. Fovea is a physiological depression and has only a half fickeness (5 layers) comparing to the rest of retina - 9 or somewhere mentioned 10 layers. Lesion in the foveolar area causes central scotoma in Visual field testing named perimetry.

With very best wishes for your rearch

Well, thank you.

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Main difference, structurally, is that in many species the percentage of rods is much higher in the rest of the retina compared wit the fovea.

    you can test foveal  function by focal ERG or multimodal ERG  you can also add PVEP for small checks

The inputs for the research that I have undertaken is just retinal images/ maculopathy related images. It is a pure image processing task. I need to extract features which are worth considering for damage assessment.

Fovea is the region of the macula meant for the maximal crisp vision. It the thinnest part of the retina since it comprises only cones and is made of only 5 retinal layers. In other words Fovea is the region of the retina which contains the highest density of cones. Damages to the macular area/ Fovea lead to central Scotoma on visual field testing. 

Above are excellent responses to query.In addition FYI:

The macula (fovea) is the central area of the retina  affected by ARMD (Age Related Macular Degeneration)

I agree with Dr Marianne and Dr Muhammad.

All the best

In addition to the wonderful submissions above, the fovea has a relatively larger representation in the visual cortex compared to its retinal size and space. This is because ganglion cells (especially the P-type) map one-to-one to the cone photoreceptors, indicating that a lot of axons project from this part to the brain. This is termed as cortical magnification. As we know, this enhances spatial resolution as information from two different points are not integrated early in visual processing compared to the convergence organization in the periphery where several photoreceptors map to one ganglion cell.