Dear All, please let me know what are the requirements for extraction of plant compounds at lab scale in conventional methods that does not involve HPLC
Instruments
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assalamualaikum:
may this find you in good Iman and good health.
there are several methods of extraction that can easily be done on the scale you speak of.
some examples that you may want to consider depending on what you are looking for.
1) hot water: many extraction formulae require nothing more complex that heating in distilled water at a specified temp. depending on what temp used different compounds will separate. a step further may include evaporation, or freeze drying.
I am pressed for time so I shall return to this discussion with a few more examples. later.
salaam Until I have time to fill in some blanks you may want to look at the following.
:)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperaccumulator
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoremediation
http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.echocommunity.org/resource/collection/9B625806-CE89-453E-9ECE-BADC54275405/Oilseeds_&_Small-scale_Oil_Extraction2.pdf
ISBN-13:978 1 84593 405 7 Chemistry of Spices
ISBN 0-88192-574-8 Plant Resins
For extraction of plant compounds, you first need a Soxhlet Extractor. You can powder your crude drug (here a crude drug blender will be required), then put it in a Soxhlet extractor for getting extracts in different solvents. Once extracts, you need chromatography instruments. First u need a TLC set up, then as per your needs and results of TLC, you will need glass columns and further high end techniques would be required. One hot air oven, a vacuum oven and a UV cabinet are also necessary. Digital and analytical balances, melting point determination apparatus and a desiccator are important. This are the basic necessities for a conventional lab. A
Afterwards, you can expand in every direction depending on your needs and budget allotments for your lab.
We used to purify plant alkaloids by preparative TLC. This method takes time, but in some cases it works better than any other (HPLC does not always give good separation when you try scaling-up). Glass plates with thick layers (up to 1 or even 2 mm) are available, for example from Merck (these I would recommend) or Sigma. After separation you can scratch the sorbent from the area corresponding to your compound, put it into a stopped-up funnel and elute your substance with appropriate solvent. If necessary, you can further purify it with another solvent system. For such purifications you would need only chromatographic chambers and UV-lamp. Useful will be a rotary evaporator to dry voluminous samples, but this can be omitted.
super critical C02 is amethod that is in common usage. as well as heating in fatty acid like butter, olive oil, etc.
extraction of organic compounds depends on the compounds in the plant and the desired compounds. some materials found in plant matter might to be changed by the
extraction method used, this (in some cases) may be desired. temperature, pressure, maceration, and chemical interaction can effect out come. more latter.
I have read that there are compounds in medicinal mushrooms that can be damaged by maceration, the recommended procedure in the pamphlet that I read said that heating in water would extract the desired compounds without changing them. perhaps freeze drying such an extraction and examination under an electron microscope would yield some answers.
some highly volital compounds like flavinoids
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salaam
maceration in an argon atmosphere followed by immersion in low temp distilled water then centrifugal separation may be an option.
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