Homero Silva In my view, It may be due to cultural, demographic, geographic, political, etc. differences between these two countries.

Hi, Mr. Norman, it is a good answer. They are very important point that I have to bring to my research.

Thanks so much.

Argentina has understood the different global education systems. Higher Education is the highest in the hierachy of all education systems around the world. Brazil is still in the Elementary Education System. The next Level is lower Primary Education System, followed by the next layer which is upper primary education system. Then we have the secondary education system which puts out graduates from Grade 12 to shift to the tertiary institutions.

The tertiary institutions have Elementary Teacher Education, Primary Teacher Education and Secondary Teacher Education. No University that I know of has trained teachers to teach in higher education.

Now, the Case of the Papua New Guinea University of Technology found a gap in that and so now offers a Postgraduate Certificate in Student-Centred Teaching. Policy makers like Brazil have not understood the different structures/systems of education so they would rather argue as Brazil is.

They argue that they can not give a specific Certificate like Postgraduate Certificate in Student Centred Teaching In Higher Education. Instead they want to keep it as Postgraduate Certificate in Student Cenred Teaching- at What level may I know? Elementary, Primary, Tertiary, University, TVET or which level? The certificate should be specific making it easier for recruitment purposes anywhere.

Unfortunately, there is a big misunderstanding in the current name of this certificate. Correctly intepreted will mean a certificate in basic/elementary student centred learning certificate. So we should all agree with Argentina and start categorizing our Posgraduate Certicicate programs.

Homero Silva I think, from my point of view, that in the 19th century, Brazil and Argentina both underwent significant educational reforms aimed at modernizing their respective education systems. However, their approaches and emphases differed due to various historical, social, and political factors.

Brazil:

Emphasis on Higher Education:

Brazil prioritized higher education during the 19th century due to its colonial legacy and economic structure. The country had a long history of higher education institutions established by the Portuguese colonial administration, such as the University of Coimbra, which served as a model for Brazilian universities.

The Portuguese crown's focus on training civil servants and professionals for administrative and technical roles led to the establishment of higher education institutions in Brazil, such as law schools and medical colleges.

Additionally, Brazil's economy relied heavily on exports of primary products, such as coffee and sugar, which required skilled professionals in agriculture, engineering, and commerce, further emphasizing the importance of higher education.

Pedagogical Influences:

Pedagogically, Brazil was influenced by European educational models, particularly those of Portugal and France. The Jesuits played a significant role in early education in Brazil, introducing a classical curriculum focused on Latin, Greek, and religious studies.

Later, the Enlightenment ideals of reason, progress, and secular education influenced educational reforms in Brazil, leading to the establishment of secular universities and the adoption of modern pedagogical methods.

About Argentina, I study less about Argentina... However, I think their emphasis on the Basic Education is due to some of the reasons that I explore below:

Argentina prioritized basic education, particularly primary education, during the 19th century due to its emphasis on nation-building and social integration. The country experienced waves of immigration and sought to assimilate diverse immigrant populations into a cohesive national identity.

The government believed that providing universal access to primary education would promote social cohesion, citizenship, and national unity. Basic education was seen as a means to foster a sense of Argentine identity and loyalty to the state.

Pedagogical Influences:

Argentina was influenced by Enlightenment ideas and the educational reforms of European thinkers such as Pestalozzi and Rousseau. These thinkers emphasized the importance of child-centered education, moral development, and practical learning.

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, an influential Argentine educator and president, promoted educational reforms that focused on primary education and teacher training. His ideas were influenced by Enlightenment ideals and his experiences studying education systems in Europe and the United States.

Homero Silva I hope that my answers could contribute to your question...

Brazil emphasized higher education in the 19th century due to its colonial legacy, economic priorities, and the need for skilled professionals, while Argentina prioritized basic education as a means of nation-building, social integration, and fostering a sense of national identity. Both countries were influenced by European pedagogical models and Enlightenment ideas but adapted them to their specific historical contexts and educational goals.

Dear prof. Tiago Horta! Thank you very much for your contribution, it will be of great value to my reflections.

Homero Silva Thank you! Very kind! I love to discuss this and other points

Brazil focuses on producing skilled labor. Argentine focuses on producing cheaper yet readily available labor. It is all about political economy of education

Dear Fidavs, Thanks so much for you suggestion.

Homero Silva

You are always welcome, Dear Homero Silva.