Hi Zeinab, these are excellent questions, and in most cases are still areas of significant research. I don't know if they have been answered for most environments, but in the case of arid/semi-arid environments, one suggestion is to look at the work of Craig Rasmussen at the University of Arizona in the US. His work on energy pathways has been applied to creation of soil material, from rock. The approach should be applicable to ecosystems, at least in terms of how ecosystems form and the indicators of ecosystem heatlh. You should be able to find more information on google or other search engines. Sorry i can't be of more help.