The idea of "proof" in mathematics is really a meta-mathematical concept. Students seem to learn what proofs are by "doing proofs" in various mathematics courses. What are they implicitly learning about proof by doing so?
a proof is just a strong reason to believe a given statement to be true.
Sometimes it helps bring forward the reason for something to be true
within contest (axioms) Other times not.
I dont think that outside math the actual value of proving things is that
highly regarded. There may be other reasons to believe something true other than formal proof. The actual logical structure of a give branch of math can be posed in many different ways...and this logic is not always