Example: After deposition of metals on MoS2 surface, the Mo 3d and S 2p shift in the same way to low binding energy, is this shift due to band bending or doping?
When provided with good ohmic contacts, charging should be irrelevant in MoS2. Do you know, whether your MoS2 material is n- or p-doped before the deposition? That will make a difference of about 1eV in BE positions, I guess.
As Yi Cui correctly said, doping at the surface may actually give rise to band bending.
Also the question on what the sample is is a good one: do you use single crystals cleaved in UHV? That would be the cleanest starting point - but maybe not what you're interested in...
And: there exhists a huge pile of literature on spectroscopic investigations on the TM-dichalcogenides which you can check. My work in the field (on WSe2) dates back more than 15 years, so I am not up to date, unfortunately.
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