Dear Syamsul Nor Azlan Mhamad,

An abstract is a small window opening into the full content of your research/thesis. It is a type of discourse consisting of five different but complementary moves. The first move is optional and contains general background information about your key research variable or variables. The second move is the statement of the problem indicating your research hypothesis/ question. The third move is the methodology move representing your participants, if any ; your materials/instruments, procedures, and data analysis. The fourth move portrays your findings. Finally, in the last optional move, you talk about the likely implications of the study.

Best regards,

R. Biria

Dear Syamsul Nor Azlan Mhamad,

An abstract is a small window opening into the full content of your research/thesis. It is a type of discourse consisting of five different but complementary moves. The first move is optional and contains general background information about your key research variable or variables. The second move is the statement of the problem indicating your research hypothesis/ question. The third move is the methodology move representing your participants, if any ; your materials/instruments, procedures, and data analysis. The fourth move portrays your findings. Finally, in the last optional move, you talk about the likely implications of the study.

Best regards,

R. Biria

hi, 

writing a abstract is a skill. its a short scientific summary of your research work. to make it simple and clear you need indicate the objective, methodology and salient findings of your research 

1. Brief background of ur study

2. Ur problems or research questions

3. Methodology: participants, setting, instruments, procedure of ur study, ur data analysis method

4. Findings

5. Very short implications of ur study

Hi there;

Typically, an informative abstract answers these questions in 100-250 words:

Why did you do this study or project?

What did you do and how?

What did you find?

What do your findings mean?

If your paper is about a new method or apparatus, the last two questions might be changed to:

What are the advantages (of the method or apparatus)?

How well does it work?

I would also recommend reading this paper by Chittaranjan Andrade

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3136027/

How to write an abstract ? - ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_write_an_abstract?_tpcectx=qa_overview_following&_trid=1Cs6MD0zj6yY45zIpGg1Khar_ [accessed Jun 19, 2016].

I hope the following (about both Abstract and Introduction) is helpful; it is part of my book, A Brief Guide to Writing Style of Articles and References. This book is mostly based on APA Style (6th Edition):

Abstract

● Abstract should be a single paragraph and has a block format; that is, the first line should not be indented.

● The purpose of this section is to provide a brief  

   and comprehensive summary of the study.

● It should be accurate (do not include information here that is not in the body of the manuscript)

● Self-contained (spell out abbreviations)

● Concise (120 word maximum)

● It is a good idea to write this section last.

● Also notice that everything about this manuscript is double spaced.

● The next section begins on a new page.

● Avoid citing references in the abstract.

● Use active rather than passive voice (but without personal pronouns).

● Use past tense for procedures and present tense for results.

● The content of the abstract of an empirical study is as follows:

▪ The problem under investigation, in one sentence if possible.

▪ Information about the participants’ of the study, including their age, sex, ethnic and/or racial group, and proficiency level.

▪ The essential features of the method of the study, including instrument, treatment, etc.

▪ The basic findings, including effect sizes and confidence intervals and/or statistical significance levels.

▪The conclusions and the implications of the study.

Introduction

● The body of the manuscript opens with an introduction but as it is identified by its position in the manuscript, introduction is not typed; instead, retype your title and center it at the top of the introduction.

● The main purpose of this section is to tell the reader why you performed the study.

● A good introduction answers the following questions:

▪ Why is the stated problem important?

▪ How does the study relate to previous studies?

▪ What are the differences between this study and previous studies?

▪ Why does the problem deserve new research?

● It starts out broad and becomes more and more specific.

● The content of the introduction should contain the following:

1.       the general introduction (e.g., defining the  key words); the importance of the problem;

2. the literature review (summarizing earlier

    works, avoiding nonessential details, 

    emphasizing important findings, and 

    including relevant methodological issues 

    and major conclusions);

3. the connection of the present study to the 

    Literature;

4. the controversy or the gap in the field of 

    the study, and

5. the explicit statement of purpose.

TQ Mahnaz Saeidi. 

The abstract must reflect the main contribution of the authors

By reviewing many of the published research.

An abstract is summary of a thesis but speaks volume. It clearly highlights what contained in the thesis. The abstract must have statement of the problem, the need for doing research-justification,objectives, methodology, key results and summary. it must end with a statement of the relevance   of the research

have a look at this

Article How to Write an Abstract Suitable for Publication

Article TH-C-204-03: Writing Good Scientific Papers and Responding t...

Dear Syamsul,

You should follow these steps to write a good and effective abstract,of thesis:

 write the abstract after you have finished the thesis

 identify the aims, methods, scope, results, conclusions, and recommendations of your thesis in key words

 use your headings and table of contents as a guide to writing your abstract

 when you have finished use spellcheck software

 show the abstract to someone who has not read your thesis and ask him / her if the

abstract makes good sense

How to write a good thesis abstract?

You can also refer to the following RG links:

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_write_an_attractive_abstract_to_a_paper_thesis_book_etc/1

https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_to_write_an_abstract#view=5765755a217e2066b35f6933

Dear 

you can writ a good abstract by a short background ,aim and important results of your work

regards 

Syamsul Nor Azlan Mohamad

The abstract is an important component of thesis. The abstract is a summary of the whole thesis. It presents all the major elements of work in a highly condensed form.

Abstracts give readers a chance to quickly see what the main contents . They enable readers to decide whether the work is of interest for them.

It can be best to write the Abstract last, once you are sure what exactly you are summarizing.

Please have a look at the below link about: "HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT: Tips and Samples"

http://hsp.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/HOW%20TO%20WRITE%20AN%20ABSTRACT.pdf

HTH.

Dear syamsul .

I hope all the answers are relevant for your question, If you get some thing pleas see the link below .

https://english.as.uky.edu/dissertation-abstracts

A good abstract can vary from 750 - 1000 words for doctoral thesis and 300-500 words for masters and bachelors thesis. A thesis or

dissertation should contain the following.

1.What the thesis is about - Paragraph1

2. The problem & the main argument - Paragraph2

3. What you did (methods or techniques adopted, data collection and analysis of data) - Paragraph3

4. findings & results - Paragraph4

5. conclusion & future challenges (if possible) - Paragraph5

An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis. It is a well-developed single paragraph of approximately 250 words in length, which is indented and single spaced. The function of the abstract is to outline briefly all parts of the paper.

All abstracts generally cover the following five sections:

1. Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work?

2. Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is

the scope of the project? What is the main argument,

thesis or claim?

3. Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific

models or approaches used in the larger study. Other

abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in

the research.

4. Results: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific data

that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts

may discuss the findings in a more general way.

5. Implications: How does this work add to the body of knowledge on

the topic? Are there any practical or theoretical

applications from your findings or implications for future

research?

P.S. For more information & examples, please find attached the file 'Writing an abstract - University of Melbourne'

Make sure that your keywords come in first two lines of the abstract.

No literature survey or introduction in abstract

Be precise to the work done, outcome and possible applications/impact of the work.

Word count as per the journal guidelines.

The following publications may further help, particularly: the guidance in writing title and abstract as per Bern (2009, pp. 188-190); the abstract template (Biggam, 2008, pp. 162-169); checklist for writing abstract (Derntl, 2014, p. 110).

• Andrade, C. (2011) How to write a good abstract for a scientific paper or conference presentation, Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 53, 2, pp. 172-175.
• Bern, D. J. (2009) Writing the empirical journal, in Zanna, M.P. and Darley, J.M. (eds.) The Compleat Academic: A Practical Guide for the Beginning Social Scientist. 2nd ed. London: Psychology Press, pp. 171-201.
• Biggam, J. (2008) Succeeding with Your Master's Dissertation: A step-by-step handbook. England: Open University Press.
• Derntl, M. (2014) Basics of research paper writing and publishing, International Journal of Technology Enhanced Learning, 6, 2, pp. 105-123.
• Neill, U. S. (2007) How to write a scientific masterpiece, The Journal of clinical investigation, 117, 12, pp. 3599-3602.

Generally, an abstract has four/five 'moves'/steps(or components). These include the background (1), purpose of the study (2), methodology (3), key findings (4) and implications of the findings (5). The first 'move'/step/component is considered optional. You may refer to Bitchener, J. (2009). Writing an applied linguistics thesis or dissertation: A guide to presenting empirical research. Macmillan International Higher Education.

Based on the research question, samplesize,material and method and result and discussion you can write good research abstract.

Dr Kamath Madhusudhana