The health effects of particle pollution exposure can range from relatively minor (e.g., eye and respiratory tract irritation) to more serious health effects (e.g., exacerbation of asthma and heart failure, and premature death).
Fine particles are respiratory irritants, and exposure to high concentrations can cause persistent coughing, phlegm, wheezing, and difficulty breathing. Even in healthy people, exposure to fine particles can potentially lead to transient reductions in lung function, and pulmonary inflammation.
Particle pollution may also affect the body’s ability to remove inhaled foreign materials, such as viruses and bacteria, from the lungs. Short-term exposures (i.e., days to weeks) to fine particles are associated with an increased risk of exacerbation of the pre-existing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, as well as premature mortality (U.S. EPA, 2009).