How to manage energy flow between photovoltaic, battery and hydrogen systems in stand-alone applications?
The continued growth of energy consumption in the world, together with the climate change and the real limitation of fossil fuel has increased the importance of the renewable energy sources. Stand-alone HRES can improve greatly the current global situation.
HRES usually are composed by PV system and/or WT, and one or two ESS. Hybrid systems based on PV panels and WT have a long lifetime and normally low maintenance cost. However, because the sun irradiance and the wind speed are uncontrollable parameters, one or two ESS are needed. In stand-alone applications, batteries and hydrogen systems are the most common ESS. A battery and a super-capacitor were used. This configuration improves the dynamic response of the system, but decreases the energy storage capacity compared with the hydrogen system, composed of FC, electrolyzer and hydrogen tank. The hydrogen system can stabilize the energy flow from the renewable energy sources (usually WT and PV panels), and it is very useful for transport and stand-alone applications.
On the other hand, a suitable energy management is needed in all HRES to satisfy the energy demanded by the load when the WT and PV panels cannot produce energy during a certain period of time.
The continued growth of energy consumption in the world, together with the climate change and the real limitation of fossil fuel has increased the importance of the renewable energy sources. Stand-alone HRES can improve greatly the current global situation.
HRES usually are composed by PV system and/or WT, and one or two ESS. Hybrid systems based on PV panels and WT have a long lifetime and normally low maintenance cost. However, because the sun irradiance and the wind speed are uncontrollable parameters, one or two ESS are needed. In stand-alone applications, batteries and hydrogen systems are the most common ESS. A battery and a super-capacitor were used. This configuration improves the dynamic response of the system, but decreases the energy storage capacity compared with the hydrogen system, composed of FC, electrolyzer and hydrogen tank. The hydrogen system can stabilize the energy flow from the renewable energy sources (usually WT and PV panels), and it is very useful for transport and stand-alone applications. The current trends in hybrid systems based on FC powered hybrid systems were detailed in.
On the other hand, a suitable energy management is needed in all HRES to satisfy the energy demanded by the load when the WT and PV panels cannot produce energy during a certain period of time. Some examples of EMS, whose objective was to check the performance of the HRES hourly and during long periods, for example, months, years or even during the expected life of the HRES.
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