Improving nitrogen use efficiency in rice cultivation can be achieved through several strategies:
1. Optimizing fertilizer application: Implement precision agriculture techniques to apply nitrogen fertilizers more efficiently, matching the plant's needs at different growth stages.
2. Using nitrogen-efficient rice varieties: Select and promote the cultivation of rice varieties that have been bred to utilize nitrogen more effectively, thereby reducing the amount of fertilizer needed.
3. Incorporating organic matter: Integrate organic amendments, such as compost or manure, into the soil to enhance its nutrient-holding capacity and promote biological nitrogen fixation.
4. Implementing water management practices: Employ water-saving irrigation methods like drip or alternate wetting and drying (AWD) techniques to minimize nitrogen losses through leaching or runoff.
5. Crop rotation and diversification: Rotate rice with nitrogen-fixing crops like legumes or incorporate cover crops into the rotation to improve soil fertility and reduce the dependence on synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
6. Integrated nutrient management: Combine the use of chemical fertilizers with organic sources and microbial inoculants to enhance nutrient availability and uptake efficiency.
7. Soil testing and monitoring: Regularly assess soil nutrient levels to adjust fertilizer applications accordingly, avoiding both excesses and deficiencies.
8. Educational outreach and extension services: Provide farmers with training and resources on best management practices for optimizing nitrogen use efficiency in rice cultivation.
By implementing a combination of these strategies tailored to the specific conditions of rice cultivation in your country, you can significantly improve nitrogen use efficiency and promote sustainable agriculture.
Nitrogen use efficiency is 5.2±3.4 kg per kg for the irrigated rice crop. The average NUE worldwide is approximately 46%, whereas that in China is only 30-35% however in India ranges from 20 to 50% for rice. The average recovery efficiency of N, P and K in rice is only 30-35%, 20-25% and 35-40%, respectively. The equation for NUE can be found by dividing grain yield by the total amount of N available to the crop. g/ha grain yield (crop dry matter) ÷ g/ha applied N. Greater efficiency in the capture of nitrogen in products has the greatest impact on reducing nitrous oxide losses, as well as reducing ammonia volatilization to the atmosphere and nitrate leaching and runoff to groundwater and waterways. In aerobic rice, water productivity ranged from 0.88 to 1.13 compared to 0.54 to 0.66 kg grain per m3 under the alternate flooding method.
The efficiency of nitrogen fertilization seems proportional to the degree of water control, the application of nitrogen material is profitable at the appropriate time and it is recommended to split it between sowing and bolting.
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