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Amended on 18 April 2019

I must sadly say that tuftsin and tuftsin receptor is absent in Humans as determined by the our new reliable proteomics (please see files; HepG2 Fucoidan and JMBT alopecia). This seems to be due to famous Species differences and/or Poor determination methods. Poor determination methods are as follows; i.e., RIA, ELISA, MS, HPLC-MS, PCR, NMR, Electron microscope, Flow cytometry, and Western blot.

Recently, we have found that Thyrotropin-releasing hormone/TRH and LH-RH/Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone/GnRH/Gonadotropin releasing hormone are also not present in Humans, but present in Sheep and Pig (my unpublished observation). Then, Veterinary medicine and Human medicine are independently present. Further, neuropeptide Leucokinin (DPAFNSWG-NH2) is present in most Invertebrates, but absent in Humans (as estimated by using the Human serum biotinidase/Human amino-exo-peptidase; please see file, Enk serumBIN). Human and Pig lipoamidase/LIP are also present in the brain, and it recognizes many neuropeptides (please see file; Multiple hydrolase LIP). LIP recognzes Glutathione/GSH/GSSH, but biotinidase/BIN cannot. LIP and BIN cannot recognize Neurotensin (pELYENKPRRPYIL) and Insulin, and we have safely estimated that these two peptides are not present in Humans.

IGF/Insulin-like growth factor seems to be working in Humans instead of Insulin. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5/IGFBP-5/IBP-5, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3/IGFBP-3/IBP-3, Insulin-like growth factor 1 precursor/IGF-I, Cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor/CI-Man-6-P receptor/Insulin-like growth factor II receptor/IGF-II receptor/CD222, and Insulin receptor substrate 2/IRS-2 are present in my human protein database (my unpublished observation). Then, Insulin receptor substrate 2/IRS-2 handles IGF-1. Further, Insulin-degrading enzyme/Insulinase/IDE is present in both Humans and plant Tomato. Since Insulin is absent in Humans and Tomato, this IDE protein seems to be the defence protein against microbes.

Recently, we have further found that Prion is present in Bovine of USA, but absent in Bovine of Japan and Australia (our unpublished observation). This may idicate that Regional differences within the same species is also present. Dr. Claudio De Felice and me et al. have firstly found that Racial differences within Humans or Regional differences within Humans is present in urinary excretion phenomenon of biotinidase (please see file; Racial difference BIN Urine). Important Regional differences within the same species of Brown algae is surely present; i.e., Inedible fucoidan (derived from a brown alga of Fucus vesiculosus; product of Ireland) and Edible fucoidan (derived from the brown alga of Nemacystis decipiens/Silky-Mozuku; product of Japan) are present (please see file; Rat DEN Np-Fuco).

Further, chymosin/rennin is present in bovine, but humans has not it. Avidin (biotin/lipoic acid-binding protein) is present in chicken, but humans has not it.

Furthermore, I have found that Humans has no Tumor necrosis factor/TNF. This also seems to be due to famous Species differences and/or Poor determination methods.

Healed hepatocyte HepG2 (cultured with edible Japanese Fucoidan) has TNF receptor-associated factor 2/Tumor necrosis factor type 1 receptor-associated protein 2/26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 2/Protein 55.11 at 1.05 μg/mg of cell protein. This protein may be working as an essential constituent of several E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase complexes. E3 ubiquitin ligases are linked to plant innate immunity, and Protein 55.11 may be a human defence protein.

Hepatocyte HepG2 (cultured without fucoidan) has Tumor suppressor candidate 2 at 0.34 μg/mg of cell protein. This protein may be working as a protein kinase in relation to Inflammation.

Serum of 4mo boy (woth biotin deficiency and with greenish diarrhea) has Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 1A/TNF-R1/p55/CD120a at 1.6 μg/mg of serum protein, and uniquely has Histidyl-tRNA synthetase (Campylobacter concisus) at 11.5 μg/mg of serum protein. Therefore, this p55 protein is also a defence protein against bacterium of Campylobacter concisus.

I am grateful to Dr. Yeankong Yong (Laboratory Center, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia) for leading me to this important result.

Tuftsin purification by RP-HPLC with Isocratic-separation by using low-recovery HFB/AN or TFA/AN system, and detection by non-quantitative HPLC-MS usually induces to false results. RP-HPLC should be used under our high-recovery conditions using Gradient-separation (please see file; Lysozyme by RP-HPLC).

Further, I must sadly say that Immunological methods (RIA and ELISA) and PCR are also not the quantitative methods at all.

Therefore, I am now considering that Humans has no Phagocytosis, Pinocytosis, or Autophagy mechanisms (please see file; JCB Fucoidan transport). My teacher Late Hon. Prof. Dr. Iwao Kusaka, Ph.D. (The Institute of Applied Microbology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi-machi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan) has firstly shown that membrane and/or membrane structure is only moving from inside to outside of the cell (please see file; Dr. Kusaka Membrane). Further, Humans has no Apoptosis mechanism.

Humans has the Active transport system energized by NADH, which also an aerobic bacteria of Bacillus subtilis surely has (please see files; Ala Transport and JCB Fucoidan Transport).