We recently developed a technique to calculate distributed atomic polarizabilities and bond polariabilities. See

http://www.amercrystalassn.org/documents/2011%20Transactions/Macchi.pdf

Note that the definition of bond polarizability is not unambiguous and we tried to give a reasonable one with our approach

Do you mean single- and double bonds or atom hybridization? You may perform a population analysis of the molecule using e.g. Natural Bond Orbitals. Gaussian can certainly perform NBO analysis, but most likely the interpretation will not be black-box-like. Check this for further references:

http://www.gaussian.com/g_tech/g_ur/k_population.htm