I am working on aerosol retrieval using a radiative transfer equation with Landsat 8 OLI, and I am having difficulty determining the raster-based path radiance. I am using the formula by Felix C. Seidel (2011); Hadjimitsis (2009); Themistocleous (2016). see attached file. Whenever I try to compute the AOD after inverting the equation, there is always a negative value under the square root. from the image attached file "the last two equations'.