In blood analysis, values below the limit of detection (LOD) are typically addressed through standardized statistical approaches to maintain data integrity. One common method is to substitute these values with half the LOD (LOD/2), which provides a reasonable estimate without significantly biasing the results. Alternatively, some studies use LOD divided by the square root of 2 (LOD/√2) for a more conservative estimate. In cases where precise quantification is not critical, such values may simply be recorded as "Not Detected" (ND). The chosen method should align with the study’s objectives, statistical analysis plan, and relevant regulatory or scientific guidelines.