How to Calculate the Enrichment factor (EF) of a contaminated soil?

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Anoop Kumar Srivastava

The Enrichment Factor (EF) in metals and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) ) are indicators used to assess the presence and intensity of anthropogenic contaminant deposition on surface soil. These indexes of potential contamination are calculated by the normalization of one metal concentration in the topsoil respect to the concentration of a reference element. A reference element is an element particularly stable in the soil, which is characterized by absence of vertical mobility and/or degradation phenomena. The constituent chosen should also be associated with finer particles (related to grain size), and its concentration should not be anthropogenically altered. Typical elements used in many studies are Al, Fe, Mn and Rb, and also total organic carbon and grain size are among those most used.

Please find enclosed some interesting PDFs...

Aida Bani

At First you have to determine the total heavy metals concentration in the surface of soils (topsoil.) The sampling sites have to be selected strategically to see the impact of all potential contamination sources. The number of samples has to be representative of all the surface and more than 21 soil samples.

During our Study The background values of heavy metals were determined from the total metal concentration in the surface horizons (topsoil) and are given as 90th percentile.

This study has calculated the EF for each metal by finding the average concentration of a metal in a particular area and dividing it than by the background level of the same metal, for a better estimation of anthropogenic inputs.

Previous researchers often used an average lithogenic background value, average concentration in shale, and the value of measured concentration before industrialization to assess the trace metal concentration in soil.

For more please read the added file.

Clement Ogunkunle

You have got good answers from Anoop and Bani. All the best in your study

Arindam Sarkar

1) You can normalize your any metal concentration using Ti content. You can use Fe and Al concentration also. Use of Ti is better, as it is more conservative or immobile.

2) For background concentration of Ti, Fe or Al you can follow upper continental crust or shale value of the element. Please follow Mclennan 2001 and Turekian et al 1961 to find out Ti, Fe or Al concentration in UCC and shale respectively.

First you measure any metal concentration of your choice (Me) along with Ti or Fe or Al.

So, numerator of your equation becomes >> (Me/Ti)sample

Now form literature (Mclennan 2001 and Turekian et al 1961) find out the concentration of metal (Me) and Ti.

So, denominator becomes >> (Me/Ti)ucc or (Me/Ti)shale

Eyram Norgbey

Thank you very much the informative answers.

R.E. Ita

Attached herewith is a pdf file that will guide you on this

Majd Albayati

how could find enrichment factor

Md. Mostafizur Rahman

Dear Arindam Sarkar Thanks for your excellent answer. Could you please provide me some articles in which Ti was used for normalization in EF calculations?

Thanks in advance

MM Rahman

Francis Olawale Abulude

Request for the full paper of Adebiyi et al., 2015:

Article Trace elements in particulate matter of ambient air at petro...

Marika Avkopashvili

Hello Mr. Eyram Norgbey and Francis Olawale Abulude

I have a question with you.

I want to calculate Enrichment Factor (EF) for my data, but reference element - Al is very high (6498 ppm). For example when I want to calculate EF for Zn which is 1949 ppm high content of Al changes everything and I get very low EF (0.25). But Zn is quite high(1949).

Can you help me? What am I doing wrong?

Thank you very much.

Marika

Sanjay Kumar Gupta

Dr. Srivastava and Dr. Bani have already provided you appropriate details. I also request Arindam Sarkar to please provide some papers. Please also share full reference of Mclennan 2001 and Turekian et al 1961.

Neil Mandinyenya Zhou

Anoop and Bani have already given satisfactory answers and also Sarkar has provided good examples

Md. Mostafizur Rahman Sanjay Kumar Gupta Please find the attachment for reference.

Marika Avkopashvili you may please go through the article. It may help you.

Imran Khan

Arindam Sarkar : well explained!

Benjamin BAMEYI Otene

How can one calculate the enrichment factor

Dear Bahareh Samadi Kuchaksaraei

Total Fe concentration in your sample is only 29.18 ppm!

I doubt that.

Check the value. Or repeat your analysis.

Bahareh Samadi Kuchaksaraei

Thank you.

Antoaneta Ene

For sure there is a mistake in the analysis report for total Fe concentration in the sample, it couldn’t be 29.18 ppm! Maybe it is 29180 ppm (being expressed as 29.18 g/kg).

Arindam Sarkar is right to have doubts!

Thanks alot