Data assimilation is the technique by which observations are combined with an NWP product (the first guess or background forecast) and their respective error statistics to provide an improved estimate (the analysis) of the atmospheric (or oceanic, Jovian, etc.) state. (Source: http://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/wrfda/Docs/user_guide_V3.6/WRFDA_Users_Guide.pdf)
Depending on which surface observation data you want to use. Radar data are surface observations and must be used in 3-D fields.
How metars, synops, buoys, ships must be used? E.g. the temperature from a metar will be assimilated in temperature at 2m or in the first model level of temperature?
It is also depending on your assimilation procedure. Suppose if someone used variational methods in WRF, then changes of Synop (let temperature only) will influence the model levels (eta level), not only the single levels (1 level), it will also influence other vertical levels. Due to multivariate nature of variational method, it will also influence other parameters also.
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