Most of the literature talks about "small" EfW plants being those which handle less than 100,000tpa of waste. Would it be cost-effective to build a very small one, say 500 tpa capacity?
Zero, since most existing waste plants are viable and profitable while producing zero useful energy.
The steam turbine for generation used with a simple incineration boiler are not really a good match for a small plant. Also the scrubbers for a first world installation would cost as much for a backyard 500tpa plant as for a much larger plant. The organics and moisture content of the waste stream would determine your energy output, viability and plant design for both gasification and anaerobic digestion.