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There are a few trials worldwide, testing low-dose radiation therapy as a treatment for pneumonia related to Covid-19. The theory behind this is that targeted radiation to the lungs will halt the out-of-control inflammation responsible for the devastating pneumonia in some Covid-19 patients.
In Covid-19 patients, immune cells overreact to the virus and secrete a dangerous excess of proinflammatory cytokines, known as the “cytokine storm.” The idea is that low-dose lung radiation has the potential to reduce this inflammatory response. Some experts have theorized that small amounts of radiation might flip a switch on these immune cells so that they release soothing, anti-inflammatory cytokines instead though this treatment which is just one among many proposed mechanisms.
We know that antibiotics can help treat cases of pneumonia from bacterial infections, but not those caused by viruses. So, low-dose radiation could be a promising head start. The use of low-dose radiation therapy may not be recommended for all Covid-19 patients; but could be considered for those patients who are most critical, and for whom other treatment options are unsuccessful or unavailable.
However, with little known about the way low-dose radiation therapy works on inflamed lungs, some experts say it might exacerbate respiratory damage, while introducing the additional risk of cancer. Moreover, radiation-induced mutations of the viral genome can potentially induce selection pressure, leading to unintended and undesirable evolutionary changes during viral replication. Also, excessive inactivation of lymphocytes caused due to low-dose radiation therapy may theoretically impair the ability to mount a counter offensive to the virus and hence hasten mortality.
You may consider radiation as a double-edged sword with regard to the immune system. Low-dose and high-dose radiation therapy have differential effects on the immune subsets. If the proper subset of cells could be eliminated, applying low-dose radiation therapy might be a meaningful exercise. For more information on the mechanism and other details, you may want to refer to the articles attached below.